Tris(difluoramino)methoxypentaerythrityl nitrates and perfluoroguanidine adducts of pentaerythrityl nitrates, useful as propellant ingredients, are disclosed.
This invention relates to new energetic compounds containing energetic tris(difluoramino)methoxy groups, --O--C(NF.sub.2).sub.3, and nitrate groups --ONO.sub.2, to the synthesis of these compounds, particularly from nitrate esters of pentaerythritol, and to determinations of the attractiveness of these new energetic compounds for use in propellants or composites used for evolving energy at controlled burning rates.
The new energetic compounds now synthesized and discovered to be useful propellant ingredients are fluorinated perfluoroguanidine adducts of pentaerythrityl mono-, di-, and trinitrates. These new energetic compounds are defined by names and compositions set forth as follows:
I. Tris(difluoramino)methoxy pentaerythrityl trinitrate
(NF.sub.2).sub.3 COCH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2).sub.3
abbreviation: FA-PETRIN
II. Bis[tris(difluoramino)methoxy]pentaerythrityl dinitrate
[(NF.sub.2).sub.3 COCH.sub.2 ].sub.2 C(CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2).sub.2
abbreviation: FA-PEDIN
III. Tris[tris(difluoramino)methoxy]pentaerythrityl mononitrate
[(NF.sub.2).sub.3 COCH.sub.2 ].sub.3 C(CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2)
abbreviation: FA-PEMON
The abbreviated names denote that the compounds listed are derived from the trinitrate, dinitrate and mononitrate of pentaerythritol, which is the polyhydric alcohol used for preparing the high explosive known as PETN, the tetranitrate. In general, a mixture of the nitrate esters may be prepared by direct nitration of pentaerythritol by mixed sulfuric and nitric acids under controlled conditions to limit the amount of esterification of the hydroxyl groups. ##STR1## The direct nitration tends to form mixtures of the esters but is mainly useful for preparing the trinitrate.
The perfluoroguanidine (PFG) is prepared by fluorinating a salt of guanidine, e.g., guanidine carbonate, dissolved in distilled water at an adjusted pH, preferably 5 to 6, by adding aqueous HF and fluorinating in accordance with the following equation: ##STR2##
In an efficient preparation of perfluoroguanidine, sodium bifluoride was added to the solution to contain 1 mole guanidine per 1.5 moles NaHF.sub.2. The product gases were collected in traps at -100.degree. to -120.degree. C. after which light gaseous impurities were distilled off.
Compound I is prepared by reaction of perfluoroguanidine with pentaerythrityl trinitrate which is prepared by the direct nitration of pentaerythritol.
Compound II is prepared by reaction of perfluoroguanidine with pentaerythrityl dinitrate which is prepared by:
(1) Disproportionation reaction between pentaerythritol and the tetraacetate (1:1 mole ratio)
(2) Nitration of the resulting acetate mixture
(3) Saponification of resulting nitrate-acetates.
Compound III is prepared by the reaction of
perfluoroguanidine with pentaerythrityl mononitrate which is prepared similarly to the dinitrate by the use of the appropriate mole ratio of pentaerythritol to tetraacetate (3:1) in step (1).
EXAMPLES
I. Compound I -- Synthesis FA-PETRIN
Six g. (40 mmoles) of PFG was charged to a reactor containing a degassed solution of 3.2 g. (12 mmoles) of pentaerythrityl trinitrate and 100 mg. of urea in 10 ml. of acetonitrile. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Excess PFG was vented and the solution was diluted with 25 ml. of acetonitrile and fluorinated by bubbling through a 25% F.sub.2 /N.sub.2 stream at -10.degree. for 4 hours.
The reaction mixture was then added to several volumes of water and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extracts were washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution and saturated sodium chloride solution and dried over magnesium sulfate. After evaporation of most of the solvent at reduced pressure, the product was purified by chromatography on silica gel. The product was eluted with CHCl.sub.3 /CCl.sub.4 mixtures. Yield 3 g. FA-PETRIN (60% on PETRIN).
Identification
Compound I was isolated as a very pale yellow oil.
Analysis -- Calculated for C.sub.6 H.sub.8 N.sub.6 F.sub.6 O.sub.10 : C, 16.45%; N, 19.18%; F, 26.02%. Found: C, 16.61%; N, 18.90%; F, 26.8%.
The assigned formula of Compound I is consistent with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis.
II. Compound II -- Synthesis FA-PEDIN
Six g. (40 mmoles) of PFG was charged to a reactor containing a degassed solution of 2 g. (10 mmoles) of pentaerythrityl dinitrate (PEDIN) and 100 mg. of urea in 10 ml. of acetonitrile. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The excess PFG was vented and the solution was diluted with 25 ml. of acetonitrile and fluorinated with a 25% F.sub.2 /N.sub.2 stream (sub-surface bubbling) at -10.degree. for 4 hours. Purification was effected as in Example I. Yield 2.5 g. FA-PEDIN (55% on PEDIN).
Identification
Compound II was isolated as a very pale yellow oil.
Analysis -- Calculated for C.sub.7 H.sub.8 N.sub.8 F.sub.12 O.sub.8 : C, 15.01%; N, 20.00%; F, 40.7%. Found: C, 15.01%; N, 19.20%; F, 41.6%.
III. Compound III -- Synthesis FA-PEMON
A reactor containing a degassed solution of 0.3 g. (1.8 mmoles) of pentaerythrityl mononitrate (PEMON) and 30 mg. of urea in 2 ml. of acetonitrile was charged with 1.1 g. (7.4 mmoles) of PFG. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The excess PFG was vented and the solution was diluted with about 8 ml. of acetonitrile and fluorinated with a 25% F.sub.2 /N.sub.2 stream (sub-surface bubbling) for 4 hours at -10.degree. C. Purification was effected as in Example I. Yield 0.3 g. FA-PEMON (25% on PEMON).
Identification
Compound III was isolated as a colorless oil.
Analysis -- Calculated for C.sub.8 H.sub.8 N.sub.10 F.sub.18 O.sub.6 : C, 14.1%; N, 20.5%; F, 50.2%. Found: C, 14.3%; N, 19.6%; F, 51.8%.
Nmr analysis is consistent with the formula of Compound III.
FAPETRIN, FAPEDIN and FAPEMON are superior plasticizers for high energy solid propellant binder systems. Table I furnishes a comparison of the theoretical specific impulse obtainable with a representative propellant formulation in which only the plasticizer is varied.
TABLE I
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Effect of Plasticizer on Isp
TVOPA.sup.(1)
HPE.sup.(2)
FA-PETRIN
FA-PEDIN
FA-PEMON
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HPVA-PAPI.sup.(3)
3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6
Plasticizer:
TVOPA 32.4
HPE 32.4
FA-PETRIN 32.4
FA-PEDIN 32.4
FA-PEMON 32.4
FA-TNENE.sup.(4)
59.5 59.5
59.5 59.5 59.5
Boron 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
Isp (theor.)
284 290 286.6 290.2 294.1
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.sup.(1) Trivinoxypropane - N.sub.2 F.sub.4 Adduct
.sup.(2) Hexakis (NF.sub.2)dipropyl ether
.sup.(3) Hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate-polyarylpolyisocyanate
.sup.(4) Flourinated PFG adduct of trinitroethylnitraminoethanol?
It can be seen that FAPETRIN, FAPEDIN and FAPEMON all give higher Isp's than TVOPA and that FAPEMON is superior to HPE in this respect.
Table II furnishes a comparison of the vacuum thermal stability of HPVA-PAPI plasticized with the various plasticizers.
TABLE II
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Vacuum Thermal Stability of Binders
*9/1 HPVA-PAPI
VTS, cc/g. .times. 100 hours at 60.degree. C.
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FA-PETRIN 0.1
FA-PEDIN 0.6 - 0.97
FA-PEMON 0.21 - 0.23
TVOPA 0
HPE 8
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*Denotes 90% liquid, 10% HPVA-PAPI
It can be seen that HPE suffers from marked imcompatibility with HPVA-PAPI as shown by its poor vacuum thermal stability in the binder system. FAPETRIN, FAPEDIN, FAPEMON and TVOPA all have acceptable vacuum thermal stability when mixed with HPVA-PAPI.
Summarizing the data of Tables I and II it can be seen that:
(1) HPE, which compares favorably with subject plasticizers in Isp, has a problem of incompatibility with HPVA-PAPI.
(2) TVOPA, which has no compatibility problem, has much lower Isp than the subject plasticizers in comparable formulations.
It can be seen that the liquid FA-PETRIN which is one of the series made from the partial nitrate esters of pentaerythritol contains three nitrate and one tris(di-fluoramino)methoxy group and that the other members of the series, FA-PEDIN and FA-PEMON, contain less nitrate and more OC(NF.sub.2).sub.3, and are more energetic.
FA-PETRIN is a stable liquid of low volatility. Its vapor pressure is about one-seventh that of the energetic plasticizer TVOPA. FA-PETRIN is somewhat more sensitive than TVOPA but has been handled without incident.
Availability of the three new energetic liquids, FA-PETRIN, FA-PEDIN and FA-PEMON makes feasible the preparation of solid propellants yielding theoretical impulses of 280 to 295 when used in combination with other materials, e.g., FA-TNENE which is a solid oxidizer.
Tests have shown that the energetic liquids FA-PETRIN, FA-PEDIN and FA-PEMON can be used in formulations containing ammonium perchlorate and powdered aluminum to obtain materials having high Isp values of about 290 and higher.
FA-PEMON is one of the more energetic liquid compounds so far prepared but it is more sensitive than the other compounds, FA-PETRIN and FA-PEDIN.
It is to be understood that various other formulations may be made with the herein described new oxidizers formed by the reaction of perfluoroguanidine with residual hydroxyl groups of the nitrate esters of pentaerythritol and fluorination of the perfluoroguanidine adduct resulting from said reaction.
A general formula for the new oxidizers in their purest state is:
[(NF.sub.3).sub.3 COCH.sub.2 ].sub.m C(CH.sub.2 ONO.sub.2).sub.n
where m and n are integers that add to the sum of 4. These new oxidizers are variable in their compositions depending on the number of hydroxyl groups of the parent compound esterified and reacted with PFG/F.sub.2 to form the tris(difluoramino)methoxy groups, (NF.sub.3).sub.3 CO-- which replace hydroxyl groups.
These high-energy liquid compounds are characterized by their compatibility with powdered metal fuels and high-energy solid binders, which makes these liquids useful in composites that are solid propellants. They may be used for other purposes where their oxidizing action is desired.
