According to the invention, there is provided an inbred corn line, designated PHK05. This invention thus relates to the plants and seeds of inbred corn line PHK05 and to methods for producing a corn plant produced by crossing the inbred line PHK05 with itself or with another corn line. This invention further relates to hybrid corn plants and seeds produced by crossing the inbred line PHK05 with another corn line.
Corn plants (Zea mays L.) can be bred by both self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques. Corn has male flowers, located on the tassel, and female flowers, located on the ear, on the same plant. Natural pollination occurs in corn when wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the incipient ears.
The development of commercial corn hybrids requires the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop inbred lines from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or more inbred lines or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new inbred lines are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new inbreds are crossed with other inbred lines and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which have commercial potential.
Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking in the other or which complement the other. If the two original parents do not provide all of the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive generations. In the succeeding generations the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F.sub.1 .fwdarw.F.sub.2 ; F.sub.2 .fwdarw.F.sub.3 ; F.sub.3 .fwdarw.F.sub.4 ; F.sub.4 .fwdarw.F.sub.5 ; etc.
Backcrossing can be used to improve an inbred line. Backcrossing transfers a specific desirable trait from one inbred or source to an inbred that lacks a trait(s). This can be accomplished for example by first crossing a superior inbred (A) (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate gene(s) for the trait in question. The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the superior recurrent parent (A) followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny will be heterozygous for loci controlling the characteristic being transferred, but will be like the superior parent for most or almost all other genes. The last backcross generation would be selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred.
A hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred lines, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics lacked by the other or which complement the other. The hybrid progeny of the first generation is designated F.sub.1. In the development of hybrids only the F.sub.1 hybrid plants are sought. The F.sub.1 is more vigorous than its inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, can be manifested in many ways, including increased vegetative growth and increased yield.
The development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) the selection of superior plants from various germplasm pools; (2) the selfing of the superior plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, each of which, although different from each other, bred true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred lines with unrelated inbred lines to produce the hybrid progeny (F.sub.1). During the inbreeding process the vigor of the lines decreases. Vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred lines are crossed to produce the hybrid progeny (F.sub.1). An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred lines is that essentially all the hybrid plants resulting from a cross between any two inbreds will be genetically uniform. Once the inbreds that give the best hybrid have been identified, the hybrid seed can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parent is maintained.
A single-cross hybrid is produced when two inbred lines are crossed to produce the F.sub.1 progeny. A double-cross hybrid is produced from four inbred lines crossed in pairs (A.times.B and C.times.D) and then the two F.sub.1 are crossed again (A.times.B).times.(C.times.D). Much of the hybrid vigor exhibited by F.sub.1 hybrids is lost in the next generation (F.sub.2). Consequently, seed from hybrid varieties is not used for planting stock.
Corn is an important and valuable field crop. Thus, a continuing goal of plant breeders is to develop stable, high-yielding corn hybrids that are agronomically sound. The reasons for this goal are obvious: to maximize the amount of grain produced on the land used and to supply food for both animals and humans. To accomplish this goal, the corn breeder must select and develop corn plants that have the traits that result in superior inbred parental lines for producing hybrids.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a novel inbred corn line, designated PHK05. This invention thus relates to the seeds of inbred corn line PHK05, to the plants of inbred corn line PHK05, and to methods for producing a corn plant produced by crossing the inbred line PHK05 with itself or another corn line. This invention further relates to hybrid corn seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PHK05 with another corn line.
DEFINITIONS
In the description and examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:
Predicted RM. This trait, predicted relative maturity (RM), for a hybrid is based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is referred to as the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System.
MN RM. This represents the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating (MN RM) for the hybrid and is based on the harvest moisture of the grain relative to a standard set of checks of previously determined MN RM rating. Regression analysis is used to compute this rating.
Selection Index. The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's worth based on information for up to five traits. A corn breeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables in the specification represent the mean value averaged across testing stations.
Yield (Bushels/Acre). The yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest adjusted to 15.5% moisture.
Percent Yield. The percent yield is the yield obtained for the hybrid in terms of percent of the mean for the experiments in which it was grown.
Moisture. The moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest presented in percent of the mean for the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
GDU Shed. The GDU shed is the number of growing degree units (GDU) or heat units required for an inbred line or hybrid to reach anthesis or polen shed from the time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are: ##EQU1## The highest maximum used is 86.degree. F. and the lowest minimum used is 50F. For each hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plant development. GDUs are a way of measuring plant maturity. The data is given in percent of the mean for the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Stalk Lodging. This is the percentage of plants that do not stalk lodge, i.e., stalk breakage, as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break off below the ear. This is a relative rating of a hybrid to other hybrids for standability. The data are given as the percentage of the mean for the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Root Lodging. The root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge; i.e., those that lean from the vertical axis at an approximate 30.degree. angle or greater would be counted as root lodged. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Barren Plants. This is the number of the plants per plot that were not barren (lack ears). The data is converted to percent of the mean for the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Stay Green. Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season plant health. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Test Weight. This is the measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel) adjusted for percent moisture. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Cob Score. The cob score is a rating of how well the grain is shelled off the cob and how badly the cob is broken up going through the combine. This is given as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being good. A high score indicates that the grain shells off of the cob well, and the cob does not break. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Grain Quality. This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general quality of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on the color of the harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. High scores indicate good grain quality. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Seedling Vigor. This is the visual rating (1 to 9 score) of the amount of vegetative growth after emergence at the seedling stage (approximately five leaves). A higher score indicates better vigor. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Early Stand Count. This is a measure of the stand establishment in the spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on a per-plot basis for the hybrid. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Plant Height. This is a measure of the height of the hybrid from the ground to the tip of the tassel and is measured in inches. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Ear Height. The ear height is a measure from the ground to the ear node attachment and is measured in inches. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Dropped Ears. This is a measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents the number of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
Brittle Stalks. This is a measure of the stalk breakage near the time of pollination of the hybrids, and is an indication of whether a hybrid would snap or break at the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented as percentage of plants that did not snap. The data is given in percentage of mean of the experiments in which the hybrid was grown.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Inbred corn line PHK05 is a yellow dent/flint corn with superior characteristics and provides an excellent parental line in crosses for producing first generation (F.sub.1) hybrid corn. Inbred corn line PHK05 was selected from the cross CM7/051 through selfing and pedigree ear-row selection. CM7 is a public inbred developed at the Morden Research Station, Manitoba, Canada. 051 is a proprietary inbred of Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Incorporated. Selection was practiced for uniformity of agronomic traits during the line development process. Test crosses were made to several testers and evaluated for several years. Thus, the line was evaluated for general and specific combining ability by the Woodstock Corn Research Station. The inbred proved to have good test cross performance and had acceptable male parental traits. After 11 generations of selection, PHK05 was further evaluated as an inbred per se, and additional crosses were made by the Woodstock Station and other Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. northern research stations.
One particular cross with PHK05 had outstanding performance in the Woodstock Research Station research testing. This hybrid showed outstanding performance across the northern United States and Canada for the next three years of testing.
The inbred is adapted to the northern United States and may be used advantageously in producing hybrids that are from approximately 75 to 80 relative maturity based on the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System for harvest moisture. The inbred should be used as a male parent in the production of hybrids. It sheds adequate amounts of pollen and averaged 1.4 gm per plant over 11 locations in research parent testing which was 97% of the mean of the experiments in which PHK05 was tested.
The inbred PHK05 has shown uniformity and stability for all traits as described in the following varietal description information. The inbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity to ensure the line is genetically homozygous and phenotypically stable. The line has been increased both by hand and has been sibbed by foundation increases in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PHK05.
Inbred corn line PHK05 has the following morphological and other characteristics (based primarily on data collected at Johnston, Iowa):
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PHK05
VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION
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A. Maturity: Zone 2: early maturity
INBRED = PHK05
Heat Unit Shed: 1110
Heat Unit Silk: 1130
No. Reps: 28
Heat Units =
##STR1##
B. Plant Characteristics
Plant height (to tassel tip): 184 cm
Length to top ear inner node: 6 cm
Number of ears per stalk: Single
Ear height (to base of top ear): 49 cm
Number of tillers: None
Cytoplasm type: Normal
C. Leaf
Color: Dark green (B14)
Angle from stalk: 30.degree.-60.degree.
Marginal waves: Few (WF9)
Number of leaves (mature plant): 14
Sheath pubescence: Light (W22)
Longitudinal creases: Absent (OH51)
Length (ear node leaf): 38 cm
Width (widest point, ear node leaf): 9 cm
D. Tassel
Number of lateral branches: 8
Branch angle from central spike: >45.degree.
Pollen shed: Medium
Peduncle length (top leaf to basal branches): 23 cm
Anther color: Yellow
Glume color: Green
E. Ear (Husked Ear Data Except When Stated Otherwise)
Length: 12 cm
Weight: 50 gm
Midpoint diameter: 33 mm
Silk color: Red (light pur le noted at Woodstock, Ontario)
Husk extension: Medium (barely covering ear)
Husk leaf: Long > 15 cm
Taper of ear: average
Kernal rows: Number = 12, distinct, straight
Husk color (fresh): Dark green
Husk color (dry): Buff-observed dark grayish yellow
Shank length: 13 cm
Shank (no. of internodes): 6
Position of shanke (dry husks): upright
F. Kernel (Dried)
Size (from ear midpoint):
Length: 9 mm
Width: 9 mm
Thick: 4 mm
Shape grade (% rounds): <20
Pericarp color: Colorless
Aleurone color: Homozygous, tan - observed orange-yellow
Endosperm color: Yellow
Endosperm type: Normal starch
Gm Wt/100 seeds (unsized): 23 gm
G. Cob
Diameter at midpoint: 24 mm
Strength: Strong
Color: White
H. Diseases
Northern Leaf Blight: Resistant
Goss's Bacterial Blight: Susceptible
Head Smut: Susceptible
Common Smut: Resistant
Stewart's Bacterial Wilt: Susceptible
I. Insects
Corn borer: Susceptible
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*If maximum is greater than 86.degree. F., then 86 is used and if minimum
is less than 50, then 50 is used. Heat units accumulated daily and cannot
be less than 0.
Inbred corn line PHK05 most closely resembles CM7 in characteristics of maturity, plant type, ear type, kernel type, and usage.
This invention also is directed to methods for producing a corn plant by crossing a first parent corn plant with a second parent corn plant wherein the first or second parent corn plant is the inbred corn plant from the line PHK05. Further, both first and second parent corn plants may be from the inbred corn line PHK05. Thus, any methods using the inbred corn line PHK05 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid breeding, and crosses to populations. Any plants produced using inbred corn line PHK05 as a parent are within the scope of this invention. Advantageously, the inbred corn line is used in crosses with other corn varieties to produce first generation (F.sub.1) corn hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics.
As used herein, the term "plant" includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell of tissue culture from which corn plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, and the like.
Tissue culture of corn is described in European Patent Application, publication No. 160,390, incorporated herein by reference. Corn tissue culture procedures are also described in Green and Rhodes, "Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize," Maize for Biological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association, Charlottesville, Virginia 1982), at 367-372. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide for cells which upon growth and differentiation produce the inbred line PHK05.
USES OF CORN
Corn is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of corn, in addition to human consumption of corn kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of corn dry-milling are grits, meal, and flour. The corn wet-milling industry can provide starch, syrups, and dextrose for food use. Corn oil is recovered from corn germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.
Corn is also used extensively as livestock feed primarily to beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry.
Industrial uses of corn are mainly from corn starch from the wet-milling industry and corn flour from the dry-milling industry. The industrial aplications of corn starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The corn starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesive, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications.
Plant parts other than the grain of corn are also used in industry. Stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel, to make charcoal.
The seed of inbred corn line PHK05, the plant produced by the inbred seed, the hybrid corn plant produced from the crossing of the inbred, hybrid seed, and various parts of the inbred and hybrid corn plants can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in the industry.
EXAMPLES
In the examples that follow, the traits and characteristics of inbred corn line PHK05 are given as a line and in hybrid combination. The data collected on inbred corn line PHK05 is presented for the key characteristics and traits.
EXAMPLE 1
The data in Table 1 show the relative performance of PHK05 compared to CM48 in Woodstock and Grand Forks research testing. Most of the data is presented in percentage of the mean of the experiments in which the two hybrids were grown. This paired comparison data represents three years testing and shows that H51/PHK05 has an 11-bushel-per-acre yield advantage (+10%) with better stalk lodging resistance, staygreen, and brittle stalk breakage tolerance than H51/CM48. H51 serves as a good tester for both inbreds and this comparison shows the improved hybrid performance that PHK05 gives over CM48 which is a public inbred of similar maturity developed by the Morden Research Station, Manitoba, Canada.
TABLE 1
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Comparison between PHK05 and CM48 using H51 as a tester with the hybrids
evaluated in the same experiments. All values are expressed as percent
of
the experiment mean except Predicted RM, Selection Index, and Yield
(BU./AC.).
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HYBRID
PRE- SELEC-
YIELD
PER- STALK
ROOT BAR-
DICTED
TION (BU./
CENT MOIS-
GDU LODG-
LODG-
REN STAY
RM INDEX
AC.) YIELD
TURE
SHED
ING ING PLANTS
GREEN
No. Reps
127 140 140 140 140 44 134 54 46 56
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H51/PHK05
77 103 113 101 90 94 97 93 100 83
H51/CM48 78 92 102 91 92 96 89 99 100 63
DIFFERENCE
1 11 11 10 2 2 8 6 -- 20
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HYBRID
SEED-
EARLY DROP-
BRIT-
TEST COB GRAIN LING STAND
PLANT EAR PED TLE
WEIGHT
SCORE
QUALITY
VIGOR
COUNT
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
EARS STALKS
No. Reps
140 10 40 124 130 92 92 90 44
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H51/PHK05
100 112 113 111 104 100 100 100 105
H51/CM48 102 108 124 104 104 103 102 100 96
DIFFERENCE
2 4 11 7 -- 3 2 -- 9
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EXAMPLE 2
The data in Table 2 shows the electrophoresis results for PHK05 and its parents CM7 and 051 for 19 loci. These tests are based on results from 10 plants for each of the inbreds and any variation for a locus is indicated in the information presented.
TABLE 2
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Electrophoresis results for PHK05 and its parents CM7 and 051
Alleles Present
Locus PHK05 CM7 051
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Acp1 4 4 4*
Adh1 4 4 4
Cat3 9 12* 9
Got1 4 4 4
Got2 4 4 4
Got3 4 4 4
Idh1 4 4 4
Idh2 6 6 6
Mdh1 6 6 6
Mdh2 3 3 6
Mdh3 16 16 16
Mdh4 12 12 12
Mdh5 12 12 12
Mmm -- -- --
Pgm1 9 9 9
Pgm2 3 3 4
Pgd1 3.8 3.8 3.8
Pgd2 5 5 5
Phi1 4 4 4
No. plants 10 10 10
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*Allelic variation of this locus only predominant isozyme form listed.
DEPOSIT INFORMATION
Inbred seeds of PHK05 have been placed on deposit at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, Md. 20852, under deposit accession number 40414 on Jan. 13, 1988. A Plant Variety Protection Certificate has also been applied for with the United States Department of Agriculture.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
