According to the invention, there is provided an inbred corn line, designated PHN18. This invention thus relates to the plants and seeds of inbred corn line PHN18 and to methods for producing a corn plant produced by crossing the inbred line PHN18 with itself or with another corn plant. This invention further relates to hybrid corn seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PHN18 with another corn line or plant.
Corn plants (Zea mays L.) can be bred by both self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques. Corn has separate male and female flowers on the same plant, located on the tassel and the ear, respectively. Natural pollination occurs in corn when wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the incipient ears.
The development of corn hybrids requires the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop inbred lines from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more inbred lines or various other broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new inbred lines are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new inbreds are crossed with other inbred lines and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential.
Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking in the other or which complement the other. If the two original parents do not provide all of the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive generations. In the succeeding generations the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding five or more generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F.sub.1 .fwdarw.F.sub.2 ; F.sub.2 .fwdarw.F.sub.3 ; F.sub.3 .fwdarw.F.sub.4 ; F.sub.4 .fwdarw.F.sub.5, etc.
Backcrossing can be used to improve an inbred line. Backcrossing transfers a specific desirable trait from one inbred or source to an inbred that lacks that trait. This can be accomplished for example by first crossing a superior inbred (A) (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate gene(s) for the trait in question. The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the superior recurrent parent (A) followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny will be heterozygous for loci controlling the characteristic being transferred, but will be like the superior parent for most or almost all other genes. The last backcross generation would be selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred.
A single cross hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred lines, each of which has a genotype which complements the genotype of the other. The hybrid progeny of the first generation is designated F.sub.1. In the development of hybrids only the F.sub.1 hybrid plants are sought. Preferred F.sub.1 hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, can be manifested in many polygenic traits, including increased vegetative growth and increased yield.
The development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools; (2) the selfing of the selected plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, which, although different from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred lines with unrelated inbred lines to produce the hybrid progeny (F.sub.1). During the inbreeding process in corn, the vigor of the lines decreases. Vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred lines are crossed to produce the hybrid progeny (F.sub.1). An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred lines is that the hybrid between any two inbreds will always be the same. Once the inbreds that give a superior hybrid have been identified, the hybrid seed can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained.
A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred lines are crossed to produce the F.sub.1 progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred lines crossed in pairs (A.times.B and C.times.D) and then the two F.sub.1 hybrids are crossed again (A.times.B).times.(C.times.D). Much of the hybrid vigor exhibited by F.sub.1 hybrids is lost in the next generation (F.sub.2). Consequently, seed from hybrid varieties is not used for planting stock.
Corn is an important and valuable field crop. Thus, a continuing goal of plant breeders is to develop high-yielding corn hybrids that are agronomically sound based on stable inbred lines. The reasons for this goal are obvious: to maximize the amount of grain produced with the inputs used and minimize susceptibility of the crop to environmental stresses. To accomplish this goal, the corn breeder must select and develop superior inbred parental lines for producing hybrids. This requires identification and selection of genetically unique individuals which in a segregating population occur as the result of a combination of crossover events plus the independent assortment of specific combinations of alleles at many gene loci which results in specific genotypes. Based on the number of segregating genes, the frequency of occurrence of an individual with a specific genotype is less than 1 in 10,000. Thus, even if the entire genotype of the parents has been characterized and the desired genotype is known, only a few if any individuals having the desired genotype may be found in a large F.sub.2 or S.sub.0 population. Typically, however, the genotype of neither the parents nor the desired genotype is known in any detail.
At Pioneer Hi-Bred International, a typical corn research station has a staff of four, and 20 acres of breeding nursery. Those researchers plant those 20 acres with 25,000 nursery rows, 15,000 yield test plots in 10-15 yield test sites, and one or two disease-screening nurseries. Employing a temporary crew of 20 to 30 pollinators, the station makes about 65,000 hand pollinations per growing season, and produces from three to ten new inbreds which are proposed for commercial use each year. Over the 32 Pioneer research stations in North America, this amounts to from about 100 to 300 new inbreds proposed each year from over 2,000,000 pollinations. Of those, less than 50 and more commonly less than 30 are actually selected for commercial use.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a novel inbred corn line, designated PHN18. This invention thus relates to the seeds of inbred corn line PHN18, to the plants of inbred corn line PHN18, and to methods for producing a corn plant produced by crossing the inbred line PHN18 with itself or another corn line. This invention further relates to hybrid corn seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PHN18 with another corn line.
DEFINITIONS
In the description and examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided. ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown.
BAR PLT=BARREN PLANTS. The percent of plants per plot that were not barren (lack ears).
BRT STK=BRITTLE STALKS. This is a measure of the stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented as percentage of plants that did not snap.
BU ACR=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE). Actual yield of the grain at harvest in bushels per acre adjusted to 15.5% moisture.
DRP EAR=DROPPED EARS. A measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest.
EAR HT=EAR HEIGHT. The ear height is a measure from the ground to the highest placed developed ear node attachment and is measured in inches.
EAR SZ=EAR SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The higher the rating the larger the ear size.
EST CNT=EARLY STAND COUNT. This is a measure of the stand establishment in the spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on a per plot basis for the inbred or hybrid.
GDU SHD=GDU TO SHED. The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are: ##EQU1##
The highest maximum temperature used is 86.degree. F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50.degree. F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plant development.
GDU SLK=GDU TO SILK. The number of growing degree units required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method as given in GDU SHD definition.
GRN APP=GRAIN APPEARANCE. This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general appearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as the color of the harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. High scores indicate good grain quality.
MST=HARVEST MOISTURE. The moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest.
PLT HT=PLANT HEIGHT. This is a measure of the height of the plant from the ground to the tip of the tassel in inches.
POL SC=POLLEN SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of pollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed.
POL WT=POLLEN WEIGHT. This is calculated by dry weight of tassels collected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding is complete.
It should be understood that the inbred can, through routine manipulation of cytoplasmic factors, be produced in a cytoplasmic male-sterile form which is otherwise phenotypically identical to the male-fertile form.
PRM=PREDICTED RM. This trait, predicted relative maturity (RM), is based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System which is similar to the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System.
RT LDG=ROOT LODGING. Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30.degree. angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
SCT GRN=SCATTER GRAIN. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of scatter grain (lack of pollination or kernel abortion) on the ear. The higher the score the less scatter grain.
SDG VGR=SEEDLING VIGOR. This is the visual rating (1 to 9) of the amount of vegetative growth after emergence at the seedling stage (approximately five leaves). A higher score indicates better vigor.
SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX. The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's worth based on information for up to five traits. A corn breeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent the mean value averaged across testing stations.
STA GRN=STAY GREEN. Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season plant health.
STK CNT=NUMBER OF PLANTS. This is the final stand or number of plants per plot.
STK LDG=STALK LODGING. This is the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
TAS BLS=TASSEL BLAST. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to measure the degree of blasting (necrosis due to heat stress) of the tassel at time of flowering. A 1 would indicate a very high level of blasting at time of flowering, while a 9 would have no tassel blasting.
TAS SZ=TASSEL SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative size of the tassel. The higher the rating the larger the tassel.
TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT. This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just prior to pollen shed.
TEX EAR=EAR TEXTURE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative hardness (smoothness of crown) of mature grain. A 1 would be very soft (extreme dent) while a 9 would be very hard (flinty or very smooth crown).
TILLER=TILLERS. A count of the number of tillers per plot that could possibly shed pollen was taken. Data is given as percentage of tillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants per plot.
TST WT=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED). The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel).
TST WTA=TEST WEIGHT ADJUSTED. The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel) adjusted for percent moisture.
YLD=YIELD. It is the same as BU ACR ABS.
YLD SC=YIELD SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual yield appearance.
MDM CPX=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus & MCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
SLF BLT=Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris maydis, Helminthosporium maydis): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
NLF BLT=Northern Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum, H. turcicum): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
COM RST=Common Rust (Puccinia sorghi): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
GLF SPT=Gray Leaf Spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
STW WLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
HD SMT=Head Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana): Percentage of plants that did not have infection.
EAR MLD=General Ear Mold: Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear mold of mature ears without determining specific mold organism, and may not be predictive for a specific ear mold.
ECB DPE=Dropped ears due to European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis): Percentage of plants that did not drop ears under second brood corn borer infestation.
ECB 2SC=European Corn Borer Second Brood (Ostrinia nubilalis): Visual rating (1-9 score) of post flowering damage due to infestation by European Corn Borer. A "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
ECB 1LF=European Corn Borer First Brood (Ostrinia nubilalis): Visual rating (1-9 score) of pre-flowering leaf feeding by European Corn Borer. A "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Inbred corn line PHN18 is a white, dent corn inbred that is best suited as a female in crosses for producing first generation F1 corn hybrids. PHN18 is adapted to most areas of the United States. The inbred can be used to produce hybrids from approximately 121-135 relative maturity based on the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System for harvest moisture of grain. The inbred has hard textured grain with good stay green and plant health. PHN18 is early flowering with good stalk strength. In hybrid combination, PHN18 has good combining ability.
The inbred has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (Table 1) that follows. Most of the data in the Variety Description information was collected at Johnston, Iowa. The inbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure homozygosity and phenotypic stability. The line has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PHN18.
Inbred corn line PHN18, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting corn plants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions with adequate isolation, and harvesting the resulting seed, using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts.
TABLE 1
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VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION
INBRED = PHN18
Type: Dent Region Best Adapted: Most Regions
______________________________________
A. Maturity: Average across maturity zones. Zone: 0
GDU Shed: 1460
GDU Silk: 1480
No. Reps: 29
B. Plant Characteristics:
Plant height (to tassel tip): 204 cm
Length of top ear internode: 12 cm
Number of ears per stalk: Single
Ear height (to base of top ear): 72 cm
Number of tillers: None
Cytoplasm type: Normal
C. Leaf:
Color: Dark Green (B14)
Angle from Stalk: <30 degrees
Marginal Waves: Few (WF9)
Number of Leaves (mature plants): 17
Sheath Pubescence: Medium (WF9)
Longitudinal Creases: Few (OH56A)
Length (Ear node leaf): 73 cm
Width (widest point, ear node leaf): 8 cm
D. Tassel:
Number lateral branches: 4
Branch Angle from central spike: <30 degrees
Pollen Shed: Light (WF9) based on Pollen Yield Test
(54% of experiment means)
Peduncle Length (top leaf to basal branches): 23 cm
Anther Color: Yellow
Glume Color: Green
E. Ear (Husked Ear Data Except When Stated Otherwise):
Length: 15 cm
Weight: 114 gm
Mid-point Diameter: 43 mm
Silk Color: Green
Husk Extension (Harvest stage): Medium (barely covering
ear)
Husk Leaf: Long (>15 cm)
Taper of Ear: Slight
Position of Shank (dry husks): Horizontal
Kernel Rows: Straight, Distinct Number = 18
Husk Color (fresh): Light Green
Husk Color (dry): Buff
Shank Length: 11 cm
Shank (No. of internodes): 7
F. Kernel (Dried):
Size (from ear mid-point)
Length: 10 mm
Width: 7 mm
Thick: 5 mm
Shape Grade (% rounds): 20-40 (38% medium round based
on Parent Test Data)
Pericarp Color: Colorless
Aleurone Color: Homozygous White
Endosperm Color: White
Endosperm Type: Normal Starch
Gm Wt/100 Seeds (unsized): 23 gm
G. Cob:
Diameter at mid-point: 27 mm
Strength: Strong
Color: White
H. Diseases:
Corn Lethal Necrosis (MCMV = Maize Chlorotic mottle
Virus and MDMV = Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus):
Susceptible
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex (MDMV & MCDV = Maize
Dwarf Virus): Susceptible
Anthracnose Stalk Rot (C. graminicola): Susceptible
S. Leaf Blight (B. maydis): Susceptible
N. Leaf Blight (E. turcicum): Intermediate
Common Rust (P. sorghi): Resistant
Southern Rust (P. polysora): Susceptible
Gray Leaf spot (C. zeae): Susceptible
Stewart's Wilt (C. stewartii): Intermediate
Goss's Wilt (C. nebraskense): Highly Resistant
Downy mildew (S. sorghi): Highly Resistant
Fusarium Ear Mold (F. moniliforme): Resistant
I. Insects:
European Corn Borer-1 Leaf Damage (Pre-flowering):
Susceptible
European Corn Borer-2 (Post-flowering): Intermediate
The above descriptions are based on a scale of 1-9, 1 being
highly susceptible, 9 being highly resistant.
S (Susceptible): Would generally represent a score of 1-3.
I (Intermediate): Would generally represent a score of
4-5.
R (Resistant): Would generally represent a score of 6-7.
H (Highly Resistant): Would generally represent a score of
8-9. Highly resistant does not
imply the inbred is immune.
J. Variety Most Closely Resembling:
Character Inbred
Maturity PHT60
Usage PHT60
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In interpreting the foregoing color designations, reference may be had to the Munsell Glossy Book of Color, a standard color reference.
PHT60 (PVP Certificate No. 8800219) is a Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. proprietary inbred.
Data for Items B, C, D, E, F, and G is based primarily on a maximum of four reps from Johnston, Iowa grown in 1990 and 1991, plus description information from the maintaining station.
ELECTROPHORESIS RESULTS
Isozyme Genotypes for PHN18
Isozyme data were generated for inbred corn line PHN18 according to the procedures described in Stuber, C. W., Wendel, J. F., Goodman, M. M., and Smith, J. S. C., "Techniques and Scoring Procedures for Starch Gel Electrophoresis of Enzymes from Maize (Zea mays L.)", Technical Bulletin No. 286, North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. (1988). The data in Table 2 compares PHN18 with its parents, PHDK6 and PHNN2.
TABLE 2
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ELECTROPHORESIS RESULTS FOR PHN18
AND ITS PARENTS PHDK6 AND PHNN2
PARENTS
LOCI PHN18 PHDK6 PHNN2
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ACP1 2 2 2
ADH1 4 4 4
CAT3 N 9 N
DIA1 12 12 8
GOT1 4 4 4
GOT2 4 4 4
GOT3 4 4 4
IDH1 4 4 4
IDH2 6 6 6
MDH1 6 6 6
MDH2 3.5 3.5 3.5
MDH3 16 16 16
MDH4 12 12 12
MDH5 12 12 12
MMM 4 4 4
PGM1 9 9 9
PGM2 4 4 4
PGD1 2 3.8 2
PGD2 5 5 5
PHI1 4 4 4
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INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
This invention also is directed to methods for producing a corn plant by crossing a first parent corn plant with a second parent corn plant wherein the first or second parent corn plant is an inbred corn plant from the line PHN18. Further, both first and second parent corn plants can come from the inbred corn line PHN18. Thus, any such methods using the inbred corn line PHN18 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using inbred corn line PHN18 as a parent are within the scope of this invention. Advantageously, the inbred corn line is used in crosses with other, different, corn inbreds to produce first generation (F.sub.1) corn hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics.
As used herein, the term plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which corn plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk and the like.
Duncan, Williams, Zehr, and Widholm, Planta, (1985) 165:322-332 reflects that 97% of the plants cultured which produced callus were capable of plant regeneration. Subsequent experiments with both inbreds and hybrids produced 91% regenerable callus which produced plants. In a further study in 1988, Songstad, Duncan & Widholm in Plant Cell Reports (1988), 7:262-265 reports several media additions which enhance regenerability of callus of two inbred lines. Other published reports also indicated that "nontraditional" tissues are capable of producing somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. K. P. Rao, et al., Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, 60:64-65 (1986), refers to somatic embryogenesis from glume callus cultures and B. V. Conger, et al., Plant Cell Reports, 6:345-347 (1987) indicates somatic embryogenesis from the tissue cultures of maize leaf segments. Thus, it is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are, and were, "conventional" in the sense that they are routinely used and have a very high rate of success.
Tissue culture of corn is described in European Patent Application, publication 160,390, incorporated herein by reference. Corn tissue culture procedures are also described in Green and Rhodes, "Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize," Maize for Biological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association, Charlottesville, Va. 1982, at 367-372) and in Duncan, et al., "The Production of Callus Capable of Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Numerous Zea Mays Genotypes," 165 Planta 322-332 (1985). Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce corn plants having the physiological and morphological characteristics of the inbred line PHN18.
Corn is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of corn, in addition to human consumption of corn kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of corn dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The corn wet-milling industry can provide corn starch, corn syrups, and dextrose for food use. Corn oil is recovered from corn germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.
Corn, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry.
Industrial uses of corn are mainly from corn starch in the wet-milling industry and corn flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of corn starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The corn starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications.
Plant parts other than the grain of corn are also used in industry. Stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal.
The seed of inbred corn line PHN18, the plant produced from the inbred seed, the hybrid corn plant produced from the crossing of the inbred, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid corn plant can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry.
EXAMPLE 3
Inbred and Hybrid Performance of PHN18
In the examples that follow, the traits and characteristics of inbred corn line PHN18 are given as a line and in hybrid combination. The data collected on inbred corn line PHN18 is presented for the key characteristics and traits.
The parents of PHN18 are no longer used in Pioneer's Breeding Program, therefore, no data is available comparing the parents to PHN18.
Table 3A compares PHN18 to PHW17. PHW17 is a Pioneer Proprietary Inbred with a similar genetic background, similar usage and performance in the area where PHN18 is adapted. The results show PHN18 is lower yielding than PHW17. PHN18 sheds (GDU Shed) later, but silks (GDU Silk) earlier than PHW17. PHN18 has a smaller tassel and lower scattergrain score than PHW17. First brood European corn borer resistance is better for PHN18 compared to PHW17.
The results in Table 4A compare PHN18 to PHW20 crossed to the same inbred testers. The results show the PHN18 hybrids have higher yield, grain harvest moisture, and test weight than the PHW20 hybrids. The PHN18 hybrids shed (GDU Shed) later than the PHW20 hybrids. The PHN18 hybrids are more susceptible to stalk and root lodging than the PHW20 hybrids. The PHN18 hybrids have better stay green, grain appearance, and seedling vigor than the PHW20 hybrids.
Table 4B compares PHN18 to PHN34 crossed to the same inbred testers. The PHN18 hybrids have higher yield and grain harvest moisture compared to the PHN34 hybrids. The PHN18 hybrids are more susceptible to root and stalk lodging than the PHN34 hybrids. The PHN18 hybrids have better grain appearance and seedling vigor and slightly higher early stand count than the PHN34 hybrids. The PHN18 hybrids are slightly shorter with lower ear placement than the PHN34 hybrids.
Tables 5 through 7 compare PHN18 hybrids to Pioneer Brand Hybrids 3283W, 3372W, and 3463W, respectively. Each hybrid has a parent in common with the PHN18 hybrid other than PHN18. The hybrids are adapted to much of the same area as the PHN18 hybrids. Table 5 compares a PHN18 hybrid to 3283W. The PHN18 hybrid is lower yielding, but has higher grain harvest moisture and test weight compared to 3283W. The PHN18 hybrid is taller with higher ear placement and flowers (GDU Shed and GDU Silk) earlier than 3283W. The PHN18 hybrid has better grain appearance and stay green than 3283W. The PHN18 hybrid has similar stalk lodging, but is more susceptible to root lodging and brittle stalks compared to 3283W.
Table 6 compares a PHN18 hybrid to Pioneer Brand Hybrid 3372W. The results show the PHN18 hybrid has higher yield and grain harvest moisture compared to 3372W. The PHN18 hybrid has fewer barren plants than 3372W. The PHN18 hybrid is shorter with lower ear placement and flowers (GDU Shed and GDU Silk) earlier than 3372W. The PHN18 hybrid and 3372W have similar grain appearance, but the PHN18 hybrid has better stay green. The PHN18 hybrid and 3372W have similar stalk lodging resistance, but the PHN18 hybrid is more susceptible to root lodging and has more brittle stalks compared to 3372W.
The results in Table 7, comparing a PHN18 hybrid to Pioneer Brand Hybrid 3463W, show the PHN18 hybrid has higher yield, grain harvest moisture, and test weight than 3463W. The PHN18 hybrid is slightly taller, but has lower ear placement than 3463W. The PHN18 hybrid has better seedling vigor and a higher early stand count compared to 3463W. The PHN18 hybrid flowers (GDU Shed and GDU Silk) later than 3463W. Grain appearance and stay green is significantly better for the PHN18 hybrid compared to 3463W. The PHN18 hybrid has better stalk lodging resistance, but is more susceptible to root lodging and has more brittle stalks than 3463W.
TABLE 3A
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PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON DATA
VARIETY #1 = PHN18
VARIETY #2 = PHW17
* = 10% SIG + = 5% SIG # = 1% SIG
______________________________________
YLD EAR GDU GDU TAS
VAR SC SZ SHD SLK SZ
DEPT # ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
______________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 6.0 6.0 1460 1460 5.0
2 7.0 6.0 1430 1490 7.0
LOCS 1 1 1 1 1
REPS 1 1 1 1 1
DIFF 1.0 0.0 30 30 2.0
PROB
______________________________________
SCT
VAR GRN
DEPT # ABS
______________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 6.0
2 8.0
LOCS 1
REPS 1
DIFF 2.0
PROB
______________________________________
ECB
VAR 1LF
DEPT # ABS
______________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 6.0
2 4.0
LOCS 1
REPS 1
DIFF 2.0
PROB
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TABLE 4A
__________________________________________________________________________
AVERAGE INBRED BY TESTER PERFORMANCE COMPARING PHN18 TO PHW20
CROSSED TO THE SAME INBRED TESTERS AND GROWN IN THE SAME
EXPERIMENTS. ALL VALUES ARE EXPRESSED AS PERCENT OF THE
EXPERIMENT MEAN EXCEPT PREDICTED RM, SELECTION INDEX,
AND YIELD (BU/ACR).
__________________________________________________________________________
SEL
BU GDU PRM STK RT
INBRED
PRM IND
ACR
YLD
MST
SHD SHD LDG LDG
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
40 40 40 40 40 12 4 24 4
MEAN WTS
PHN18 121 109
140
112
116
100 111 98 90
MEAN WTS
PHW20 112 98 121
97 96 95 108 103 105
DIFF. 9 11 18 15 21 4 3 5 15
__________________________________________________________________________
STA TST GRN SDG EST
STK
PLT
EAR
DRP
INBRED
GRN WTA APP VGR CNT
CNT
HT HT EAR
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
32 40 40 12 24 40 24 24 24
MEAN WTS
PHN18 120 101 110 122 100
101
101
98 100
MEAN WTS
PHW20 62 99 94 74 99 100
100
99 99
DIFF. 57 2 16 48 1 1 1 2 1
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4B
__________________________________________________________________________
AVERAGE INBRED BY TESTER PERFORMANCE COMPARING PHN18 TO PHN34
CROSSED TO THE SAME INBRED TESTERS AND GROWN IN THE SAME
EXPERIMENTS. ALL VALUES ARE EXPRESSED AS PERCENT OF THE
EXPERIMENT MEAN EXCEPT PREDICTED RM, SELECTION INDEX,
AND YIELD (BU/ACR).
__________________________________________________________________________
SEL
BU GDU PRM STK RT
INBRED
PRM IND
ACR
YLD
MST
SHD SHD LDG LDG
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
80 80 80 80 80 21 5 48 5
MEAN WTS
PHN18 116 108
137
110
108
100 112 97 84
MEAN WTS
PHN34 110 95 115
92 93 102 112 100 102
DIFF. 6 13 22 18 14 2 1 3 18
__________________________________________________________________________
STA TST GRN SDG EST
STK
PLT
EAR
DRP
INBRED
GRN WTA APP VGR CNT
CNT
HT HT EAR
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
52 80 80 15 48 80 42 42 42
MEAN WTS
PHN18 98 100 108 115 101
101
100
98 100
MEAN WTS
PHN34 69 101 111 88 98 99 102
105
100
DIFF. 29 1 3 26 3 2 2 7 0
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5
__________________________________________________________________________
PHN18 HYBRID COMPARED TO PIONEER HYBRID 3283W
VARIETY #1 = PHN18 HYBRID
VARIETY #2 = 3283W
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU PLT EAR SDG EST DRP
VAR ACR ACR MST HT HT VGR CNT EAR
DEPT # ABS % MN
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 148.5
100 20.1
102.8
44.4
7.0 60.7
99.7
SUM 2 152.0
102 18.7
99.3
42.1
6.3 59.9
99.6
LOCS
105 105 106 50 50 47 66 27
REPS
200 200 201 99 99 90 129 48
DIFF
3.52
1.4 3.6 2.3 0.7 0.8 0.1
PROB
.047+
.096*
.000
.000#
.000#
.000#
.128
.489
__________________________________________________________________________
GDU GDU TST GRN STA STK RT BRT
VAR SHD SLK WTA APP GRN LDG LDG STK
DEPT ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM
1 1376
1378
60.2
7.8 6.8 96.7
84.9
94.1
2 1390
1407
58.0
6.9 5.3 96.6
92.5
99.0
LOCS
32 8 104 49 62 89 26 5
REPS
61 20 197 97 120 166 51 10
DIFF
14 29 2.1 0.8 1.5 0.1 3.6 4.9
PROB
.007#
.021+
.000#
.000#
.000#
.908
.036+
.271
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 6
__________________________________________________________________________
PHN18 HYBRID COMPARED TO PIONEER HYBRID 3372W
VARIETY #1 = PHN18 HYBRID
VARIETY #2 = 3372W
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU BAR PLT EAR SDG EST DRP
VAR ACR ACR MST PLT HT HT VGR CNT EAR
DEPT # ABS % MN
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 145.9
100 20.1
85.1
103.1
44.5
6.9 60.7
99.7
SUM 2 133.9
91 18.3
68.6
106.9
47.2
5.3 59.3
99.8
LOCS
135 135 137 2 65 65 68 85 47
REPS
241 241 244 4 120 120 121 155 78
DIFF
12.1
9 1.8 16.6
3.7 2.7 1.6 1.4 0.1
PROB
.000#
.000#
.000#
.121
.000#
.000#
.000#
.005#
.541
__________________________________________________________________________
GDU GDU TST GRN STA STK RT BRT
VAR SHD SLK WTA APP GRN LDG LDG STK
DEPT ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 1382
1385
60.2
7.6 7.0 96.8
86.2
94.7
2 1413
1456
60.0
7.5 5.7 97.2
95.2
99.0
LOCS
44 12 134 74 84 115 40 6
REPS
78 24 238 131 150 204 73 11
DIFF
31 71 0.2 0.1 1.3 0.4 8.9 4.3
PROB
.000#
.000#
.134
.558
.000#
.327
.000#
.219
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 7
__________________________________________________________________________
PHN18 HYBRID COMPARED TO PIONEER HYBRID 3463W
VARIETY #1 = PHN18 HYBRID
VARIETY #2 = 3463W
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU BAR PLT EAR SDG EST DRP
VAR ACR ACR MST PLT HT HT VGR CNT EAR
DEPT # ABS % MN
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 147.1
103 20.4
85.1
101.2
44.7
6.7 61.0
99.8
SUM 2 133.9
93 17.5
86.4
100.9
45.3
4.6 56.7
99.3
LOCS
104 104 105 2 52 52 47 65 53
REPS
169 169 170 4 85 85 78 107 81
DIFF
10 3.0 1.3 0.3 0.6 2.1 4.3 0.4
PROB
.000#
.000#
.000#
.685
.595
.487
.000#
.000#
.027+
__________________________________________________________________________
GDU GDU TST GRN STA STK RT BRT
VAR SHD SLK WTA APP GRN LDG LDG STK
DEPT ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 1368
1376
60.3
7.5 7.3 96.5
84.3
93.9
2 1324
1351
58.6
7.0 4.3 95.3
94.2
98.3
LOCS
36 8 103 69 60 89 35 5
REPS
57 13 166 110 98 143 62 9
DIFF
46 25 1.7 0.5 3.0 1.2 10.0
4.5
PROB
.000#
.040+
.000#
.006#
.000#
.064*
.001#
.219
__________________________________________________________________________
Applicants have made available to the public without restriction a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of Inbred Corn Line PHN18 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, Md. 20852 USA, ATCC Deposit No. 97517. The seeds deposited with the ATCC are taken from the same deposit maintained by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 700 Capital Square, 400 Locust Street, Des Moines, Iowa 50309 since prior to the filing date of this application. This deposit of the Inbred Corn Line PHN18 will be maintained without restriction in the ATCC depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period.
