According to the invention, there is provided an inbred corn line, designated PHN46. This invention thus relates to the plants and seeds of inbred corn line PHN46 and to methods for producing a corn plant produced by crossing the inbred line PHN46 with itself or with another corn plant. This invention further relates to hybrid corn seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PHN46 with another corn line or plant and to crosses with related species.
Corn plants (Zea mays L.) can be bred by both self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques. Corn has separate male and female flowers on the same plant, located on the tassel and the ear, respectively. Natural pollination occurs in corn when wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the incipient ears.
The development of corn hybrids requires the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop inbred lines from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine the genetic backgrounds from two or more inbred lines or various other broad-based sources into breeding pools from which new inbred lines are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new inbreds are crossed with other inbred lines and the hybrids from these crosses are evaluated to determine which of those have commercial potential.
Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking in the other or which complement the other. If the two original parents do not provide all of the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive generations. In the succeeding generations the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding five or more generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F.sub.1 .fwdarw.F.sub.2 ; F.sub.2 .fwdarw.F.sub.3 ; F.sub.3 .fwdarw.F.sub.4 ; F.sub.4 .fwdarw.F.sub.5, etc.
Backcrossing can be used to improve an inbred line. Backcrossing transfers a specific desirable trait from one inbred or source to an inbred that lacks that trait. This can be accomplished for example by first crossing a superior inbred (A) (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate gene(s) for the trait in question. The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the superior recurrent parent (A) followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny will be heterozygous for loci controlling the characteristic being transferred, but will be like the superior parent for most or almost all other genes. The last backcross generation would be selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred.
A single cross hybrid corn variety is the cross of two inbred lines, each of which has a genotype which complements the genotype of the other. The hybrid progeny of the first generation is designated F.sub.1. In the development of hybrids only the F.sub.1 hybrid plants are sought. Preferred F.sub.1 hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, can be manifested in many polygenic traits, including increased vegetative growth and increased yield.
The development of a hybrid corn variety involves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools; (2) the selfing of the selected plants for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, which, although different from each other, each breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred lines with unrelated inbred lines to produce the hybrid progeny (F.sub.1). During the inbreeding process in corn, the vigor of the lines decreases. Vigor is restored when two unrelated inbred lines are crossed to produce the hybrid progeny (F.sub.1). An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred lines is that the hybrid between any two inbreds will always be the same. Once the inbreds that give a superior hybrid have been identified, the hybrid seed can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained.
A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred lines are crossed to produce the F.sub.1 progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred lines crossed in pairs (A.times.B and C.times.D) and then the two F.sub.1 hybrids are crossed again (A.times.B).times.(C.times.D). Much of the hybrid vigor exhibited by F.sub.1 hybrids is lost in the next generation (F.sub.2). Consequently, seed from hybrid varieties is not used for planting stock.
Corn is an important and valuable field crop. Thus, a continuing goal of plant breeders is to develop high-yielding corn hybrids that are agronomically sound based on stable inbred lines. The reasons for this goal are obvious: to maximize the amount of grain produced with the inputs used and minimize susceptibility to environmental stresses. To accomplish this goal, the corn breeder must select and develop superior inbred parental lines for producing hybrids. This requires identification and selection of genetically unique individuals which in a segregating population occur as the result of a combination of crossover events plus the independent assortment of specific combinations of alleles at many gene loci which results in specific genotypes. Based on the number of segregating genes, the frequency of occurrence of an individual with a specific genotype is less than 1 in 10,000. Thus, even if the entire genotype of the parents has been characterized and the desired genotype is known, only a few if any individuals having the desired genotype may be found in a large F.sub.2 or S.sub.0 population. Typically, however, the genotype of neither the parents nor the desired genotype is known in any detail.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a novel inbred corn line, designated PHN46. This invention thus relates to the seeds of inbred corn line PHN46, to the plants of inbred corn line PHN46, and to methods for producing a corn plant produced by crossing the inbred line PHN46 with itself or another corn line. This invention further relates to hybrid corn seeds and plants produced by crossing the inbred line PHN46 with another corn line or a related species.
DEFINITIONS
In the description and examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:
ABS=absolute measurement and % MN is percentage of mean of the experiments in which inbred or hybrid was grown unless otherwise defined.
BAR PLT=BARREN PLANTS. This is the percent of plants per plot that were not barren (lack ears).
BRT STK=BRITTLE STALKS. This is a measure of the stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented as percentage of plants that did not snap.
BU ACR=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE). Actual yield of the grain at harvest adjusted to 15.5% moisture. ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown.
CLD TST=COLD TEST. This is the percentage of kernels that germinate under cold soil conditions.
COB SC=COB SCORE. The cob score is a rating of how well the grain is shelled off the cob and how badly the cob is broken up going through the combine. This is given as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being very good. A high score indicates that the grain shells off of the cob well, and the cob does not break.
DRP EAR=DROPPED EARS. This is a measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest.
EAR HT=EAR HEIGHT. The ear height is a measure from the ground to the top developed ear node attachment and is measured in inches.
EAR SZ=EAR SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The higher the rating the larger the ear size.
EST CNT=EARLY STAND COUNT. This is a measure of the stand establishment in the spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on a per plot basis for the inbred or hybrid.
GDU SHD=GDU TO SHED. The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are: ##EQU1##
The highest maximum temperature used is 86.degree. F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50.degree. F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plant development.
GDU SLK=GDU TO SILK. The number of growing degree units required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method as given in GDU SHD definition.
GRN QUL=GRAIN QUALITY. This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general quality of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as the color of the harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. High scores indicate good grain quality.
MST=HARVEST MOISTURE. The moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest.
PLT HT=PLANT HEIGHT. This is a measure of the height of the plant from the ground to the tip of the tassel in inches.
POL SC=POLLEN SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of pollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed.
PRM=PREDICTED RM. This trait, predicted relative maturity (RM), is based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is referred to as the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System.
RT LDG=ROOT LODGING. Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30.degree. angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
SCT GRN=SCATTER GRAIN. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of scatter grain (lack of pollination or kernel abortion) on the ear. The higher the score the less scatter grain.
SDG VGR=SEEDLING VIGOR. This is the visual rating (1 to 9) of the amount of vegetative growth after emergence at the seedling stage (approximately five leaves). A higher score indicates better vigor.
SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX. The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's worth based on information for up to five traits. A corn breeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent the mean value averaged across testing stations.
STA GRN=STAY GREEN. Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season plant health.
STK CNT=NUMBER OF PLANTS. This is the final stand or number of plants per plot.
STK LDG=STALK LODGING. This is the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
TAS BLS=TASSEL BLAST. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to measure the degree of blasting (necrosis due to heat stress) of the tassel at time of flowering. A 1 would indicate a very high level of blasting at time of flowering, while a 9 would have no tassel blasting.
TAS SZ=TASSEL SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative size of the tassel. The higher the rating the larger the tassel.
TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT. This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just prior to pollen shed.
TEX EAR=EAR TEXTURE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative hardness (smoothness of crown) of mature grain. A 1 would be very soft (extreme dent) while a 9 would be very hard (flinty or very smooth crown).
TILLER=TILLERS. A count of the number of tillers per plot that could possibly shed pollen was taken. Data is given as percentage of tillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants per plot.
TST WT=TEST WEIGHT UNADJUSTED. The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel).
TST WTA=TEST WEIGHT ADJUSTED. The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel) adjusted for percent moisture.
YLD=YIELD. It is the same as BU ACR ABS.
YLD SC=YIELD SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual yield appearance.
MDM CPX=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus & MCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
COM SMT=Common Smut (Ustilago maydis): Percentage of plants that did not have infection.
SLF BLT=Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris maydis, Helminthosporium maydis): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
NLF BLT=Northern Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum, H. turcicum): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
COM RST=Common Rust (Puccinia sorghi): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
EYE SPT=Eyespot (Kabatiella zeae): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
GLF SPT=Gray Leaf Spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
STW WLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii): Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
HD SMT=Head Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana): Percentage of plants that did not have infection.
EAR MLD=General Ear Mold: Visual rating (1-9 score) where a "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear mold of mature ears without determining specific mold organism, and may not be predictive for a specific ear mold.
ECB DPE=Dropped ears due to European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis): Percentage of plants that did not drop ears under second brood corn borer infestation.
ECB 2SC=European Corn Borer Second Brood (Ostrinia nubilalis): Visual rating (1-9 score) of post flowering damage due to infestation by European Corn Borer. A "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
ECB 1LF=European Corn Borer First Brood (Ostrinia nubilalis): Visual rating (1-9 score) of pre-flowering leaf feeding by European Corn Borer. A "1" is very susceptible and a "9" is very resistant.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Inbred corn line PHN46 is a yellow, dent corn inbred that provides an acceptable male parental line in crosses for producing first generation F1 corn hybrids. PHN46 is best adapted to the Central Corn Belt of the United States. The inbred can be used to produce hybrids from approximately 110-122 relative maturity based on the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System for harvest moisture of grain. PHN46 should make an excellent male since it has high pollen yield. The inbred in hybrid combination has good yield, stay green, stalks, and roots.
The inbred has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (Table 1) that follows. Most of the data in the Variety Description Information was collected at Johnston, Iowa. The inbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure homozygosity and phenotypic stability. The line has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PHN46.
Inbred corn line PHN46, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting corn plants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions with adequate isolations, and harvesting the resulting seed, using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts.
TABLE
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VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION
INBRED = PHN46
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Region Best Adapted:
Type: Dent Central Corn Belt
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A. Maturity: Average across maturity zones. Zone: 0
Heat Unit Shed: 1510
Heat Unit Silk: 1520
No. Reps: 40
##STR1##
*If maximum is greater than 86 degrees fahrenheit, then
86 is used and if minimum is less than 50, then 50 is
used. Heat units accumulated daily and can not be less
than 0.
B. Plant Characteristics:
Plant height (to tassel tip): 198 cm
Length of top ear internode: 12 cm
Number of ears per stalk: Slight Two-ear Tendency
Ear height (to base of top ear): 77 cm
Number of tillers: None
Cytoplasm type: Normal
C. Leaf:
Color: (WF9) Medium Green
Angle from Stalk: 30-60 degrees
Marginal Waves: (WF9) Few
Number of Leaves (mature plants): 18
Sheath Pubescence: (W22) Light
Longitudinal Creases: (OH56A) Few
Length (Ear node leaf): 65 cm
Width (widest point, ear node leaf): 10 cm
D. Tassel:
Number lateral branches: 4
Branch Angle from central spike: >45 degrees
Pollen Shed: Heavy based on Pollen Yield Test
(107% of experiement means)
Peduncle Length (top leaf to basal branches): 20 cm
Anther Color: Pink
Glume Color: Green
E. Ear (Husked Ear Data Except When Stated Otherwise):
Length: 15 cm
Weight: 103 gm
Mid-point Diameter: 44 mm
Silk Color: Yellow
Husk Extension (Harvest stage): Long (8-10 cm)
Husk Leaf: Short (<8 cm)
Taper of Ear: Slight
Position of Shank (dry husks): Upright
Kernel Rows: Straight, Distinct Number = 14
Husk Color (fresh): Light Green
Husk Color (dry): Buff
Shank Length: 13 cm
Shank (No. of internodes): 8
F. Kernel (Dried):
Size (from ear mid-point)
Length: 10 mm
Width: 8 mm
Thick: 4 mm
Shape Grade (% rounds): <20 (16% medium round based on
Parent Test Data)
Pericarp Color: Colorless
Aleurone Color: Homozygous Yellow
Endosperm Color: Yellow
Endosperm Type: Normal Starch
Gm Wt/100 Seeds (unsized): 33 gm
G. Cob:
Diameter at mid-point: 24 mm
Strength: Strong
Color: Red
H. Diseases:
Corn Lethal Necrosis (MCMV = Maize Chlorotic Mottle
Virus and MDMV = Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus):
Intermediate
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex (MDMV & MCDV = Maize
Dwarf Virus): Intermediate
Anthracnose Stalk Rot (C. graminicola): Intermediate
S. Leaf Blight (H. maydis): Intermediate
N. Leaf Blight (H. turcicum): Intermediate
Eye Spot (K. zeae): Intermediate
Gray Leaf Spot (C. zeae): Susceptible
Stewart's Wilt (E. stewartii): Resistant
Goss's Wilt (C. nebraskense): Highly Resistant
Common Smut (U. maydis): Highly Resistant
Head Smut (S. reiliana): Resistant
Fusarium Ear Mold (F. moniliforme): Resistant
I. Insects:
European Corn Borer-1 Leaf Damage (Pre-flowering):
Susceptible
European Corn Borer-2 (Post-flowering): Intermediate
The above descriptions are based on a scale of 1-9, 1 being
highly susceptible, 9 being highly resistant.
S (Susceptible): Would generally represent a score of 1-3.
I (Intermediate): Would generally represent a score of 4-5.
R (Resistant): Would generally represent a score of 6-7.
H (Highly Resistant): would generally represent a score of
8-9. Highly resistant does not imply the inbred is immune
J. Variety Most Closely Resembling:
Character Inbred
Maturity PHZ51
Usage PHV78
Data for Items B, C, D, E, F, and G is based primarily on a
maximum of two reps from Johnston, Iowa grown in 1989,
plus description information from the maintaining station.
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ELECTROPHORESIS RESULTS
Isozyme Genotypes for PHN46
Isozyme data were generated for inbred corn line PHN46 according to the procedures described in Stuber, C. W., Wendel, J. F., Goodman, M. M., and Smith, J. S. C., "Techniques and Scoring Procedures for Starch Gel Electrophoresis of Enzymes from Maize (Zea mays L.)", Technical Bulletin No. 286, North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. (1988).
The data in Table 2 compares PHN46 with its parents, PHZ51 and PHV78.
TABLE 2
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ELECTROPHORESIS RESULTS FOR PHN46
AND ITS PARENTS PHZ51 AND PHV78
PARENTS
Loci PHN46 PHZ51 PHV78
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ACP1 3 3 2
ADH1 4 4 4
CAT3 9 9 9
DIA1 8 8 8
GOT1 4 4 4
GOT2 4 4 4
GOT3 4 4 4
IDH1 4 4 4
IDH2 6 6 6
MDH1 6 6 1
MDH2 3.5 3.5 3.5
MDH3 18 18 16
MDH4 12 12 12
MDH5 12 12 12
MMM 4 4 4
PGM1 9 9 9
PGM2 4 4 3
PGD1 2 2 3.8
PGD2 5 5 5
PHI1 4 4 4
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INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
This invention also is directed to methods for producing a corn plant by crossing a first parent corn plant with a second parent corn plant wherein the first or second parent corn plant is an inbred corn plant from the line PHN46. Further, both first and second parent corn plants can come from the inbred corn line PHN46. Thus, any such methods using the inbred corn line PHN46 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using inbred corn line PHN46 as a parent are within the scope of this invention. Advantageously, the inbred corn line is used in crosses with other, different, corn inbreds to produce first generation (F.sub.1) corn hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics.
As used herein, the terms "plant and plant parts" include plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue culture from which corn plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, pollen, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, silk and the like.
Tissue culture of corn is described in European Patent Application, publication 160,390, incorporated herein by reference. Corn tissue culture procedures are also described in Green and Rhodes, "Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize," Maize for Biological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association, Charlottsville, Va. 1982, at 367-372). Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce the inbred line PHN46.
The utility of inbred line PHN46 also extends to crosses with other species. Commonly, suitable species will be of the family Graminaceae, and especially of the genera Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, Schlerachne, Polytoca, Chionachne, and Trilobachne, of the tribe Maydeae. Of these, Zea and Tripsacum, are most preferred. Potentially suitable for crosses with PHN46 may be the various varieties of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
Corn is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of corn, in addition to human consumption of corn kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of corn dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The corn wet-milling industry can provide corn starch, corn syrups, and dextrose for food use. Corn oil is recovered from corn germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.
Corn, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry.
Industrial uses of corn are mainly from corn starch from the wet-milling industry and corn flour from the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of corn starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The corn starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications.
Plant parts other than the grain of corn are also used in industry. Stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal.
The seed of inbred corn line PHN46, the plant produced from the inbred seed, the hybrid corn plant produced from the crossing of the inbred, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid corn plant can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry.
EXAMPLE
Inbred and Hybrid Performance of PHN46
In the examples that follow the traits and characteristics of inbred corn line PHN46 are given as a line and in hybrid combination. The data collected on inbred corn line PHN46 is presented for the key characteristics and traits.
The results in Table 3A compare PHN46 to its PHZ51 parent. PHN46 yields significantly more, is shorter, and sheds (GDU SHD) pollen later but silks (GDU SLK) earlier than PHZ51. PHN46 and PHZ51 have similar pollen yield and tassel size. PHN46 has better common smut resistance but is more susceptible to root lodging and first and second brood European corn borer than PHZ51.
Table 3B compares PHN46 to its other parent, PHV78. PHN46 yields more, has higher test weight, and less grain moisture at maturity than PHV78. PHN46 is a shorter inbred with lower ear placement and flowers (GDU SHD and GDU SLK) earlier than PHV78. PHN46 has significantly better seedling vigor and early stand establishment than PHV78. PHN46 has less pollen yield and its tassel is smaller than PHV78. The PHN46 inbred is more resistant to common smut, ear mold, and Stewart's wilt but less resistant to first and second brood European corn borer than PHV78.
The results in Table 3C show that PHN46 has higher yield, slightly lower test weight, and higher grain harvest moisture than PHR62. PHN46 is shorter with lower ear placement and flowers (GDU SHD and GDU SLK) earlier than PHR62. PHN46 has better seedling vigor and early stand count, similar pollen yield, and a smaller tassel than PHR62. Common rust and Stewart's wilt resistance is better for PHN46 but it is more susceptible to stalk and root lodging, ear mold, and first and second brood European corn borer than PHR62.
Table 3D shows that PHN46 is lower yielding, has higher test weight, and lower grain moisture at maturity than PHN82. PHN46 is taller with higher ear placement, sheds pollen (GDU SHD) later, and silks (GDU SLK) similarly compared to PHN82. PHN46 has better seedling vigor, similar early stand establishment, greater pollen yield, and a bigger tassel than PHN82. Southern corn leaf blight and Stewart's wilt are slightly more resistant in PHN46 but it is more susceptible to stalk and root lodging, common smut, and first and second brood European corn borer than PHN82.
The results in Table 4A compare PHN46 to PHZ51 crossed to the same inbred testers. The hybrids are similar for yield and test weight but PHN46 has higher grain harvest moisture. PHN46 hybrids are shorter but have slightly higher ear height and flower (GDU SHD) later than PHZ51 hybrids. The PHN46 hybrids have less stay green, similar stalks, and are less prone to root lodge than PHZ51 hybrids.
Table 4B compares PHN46 to PHR62 crossed to the same inbred testers. The PHN46 hybrids have higher yield, similar test weight, and more grain harvest moisture compared to PHR62 hybrids. The hybrids have similar plant and ear height and flowering (GDU SHD) is similar. PHN46 hybrids have better stay green, stalks, and roots than PHR62 hybrids.
The results in Table 4C compare PHN46 to PHN82 crossed to the same inbred testers. The PHN46 hybrids have lower yield, test weight, and grain moisture at maturity than PHN82 hybrids. The hybrids have similar height but the PHN46 hybrids have higher ear placement. The PHN46 hybrids have significantly better cob scores and slightly better stalks than the PHN82 hybrids.
The results in Table 4D compare PHN46 to PHV78 crossed to the same inbred testers. The PHN46 hybrids have higher yield, similar test weight, and less grain moisture at harvest than the PHV78 hybrids. The PHN46 hybrids are slightly shorter but have higher ear placement and flower (GDU SHD) earlier than the PHV78 hybrids. PHN46 hybrids have better stay green and root lodging resistance and have similar stalks compared to the PHV78 hybrids.
Tables 5-10 compare PHN46 hybrids to Pioneer Brand Hybrids 3374, 3504, 3527, 3362, 3180, and 3344, respectively. Each hybrid has a parent in common with the PHN46 hybrid other than PHN46. The hybrids are adapted to much of the same area as the PHN46 hybrids. Table 5 compares a PHN46 hybrid with 3374. The PHN46 hybrid has higher yield, lower test weight, and more grain moisture at maturity than 3374. The PHN46 hybrid is shorter and flowers (GDU SHD) later than 3374. The PHN46 hybrid has better roots but poorer stalks than 3374.
Table 6 results show the PHN46 hybrid has similar yield and test weight but higher grain moisture at maturity than 3504. The PHN46 hybrid is shorter with higher ear placement and flowers (GDU SHD) later than 3504. The PHN46 hybrid has slightly better stay green, better root lodging resistance, and slightly less stalk lodging resistance than 3504.
The results in Table 7 show the PHN46 hybrid yields more, has lower test weight, and contains more grain moisture at maturity than 3527. The PHN46 hybrid is shorter and flowers (GDU SHD) later than 3527. Stay green is better for the PHN46 hybrid and it has similar stalks but better roots compared to 3527.
Table 8 compares a PHN46 hybrid to 3362. The PHN46 hybrid has higher yield and lower test weight and grain harvest moisture than 3362. The PHN46 hybrid is taller with higher ear placement and flowers (GDU SHD) later than 3362. The PHN46 hybrid has slightly lower seedling vigor but has better early stand establishment than 3362. The PHN46 hybrid has slightly better stay green and has better stalk and root lodging resistance than 3362.
The results in Table 9 show a PHN46 hybrid has significantly higher yield, better test weight, and lower grain moisture at maturity than 3180. The PHN46 hybrid is shorter with lower ear placement and flowers (GDU SHD) earlier than 3180. The PHN46 hybrid has slightly lower vigor but has significantly higher early stand count and has better stalk and root lodging resistance than 3180.
Table 10 results compare a PHN46 hybrid to 3344. The PHN46 hybrid yields significantly more, has higher test weight, and contains less grain moisture at maturity than 3344. The PHN46 hybrid is shorter but ear height is similar and it flowers (GDU SHD) earlier than 3344. The seedling vigor is less but early stand count is greater for the PHN46 hybrid than 3344. The PHN46 hybrid has better stalk and root lodging resistance than 3344.
The results above show that PHN46 is a good inbred and does well in hybrid combination. This inbred will have an impact in the region it is adapted.
TABLE 3A
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PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON DATA
VARIETY #1 - PHN46
VARIETY #2 - PHZ51
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YLD EAR
BAR
PLT EAR
SDG EST
TIL
GDU GDU POL
VAR SC SZ PLT
HT HT VGR CNT
LER
SHD SLK SC
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS
ABS
ABS ABS
ABS ABS
ABS
ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 5.7 5.6
97.1
72.6
27.8
6.1 26.9
2.3
146.7
149.3
5.8
2 4.3 5.0
86.4
83.6
29.6
5.4 28.6
0.4
145.2
150.5
6.0
LOCS
15 9 3 8 8 21 25 11 31 32 11
DIFF
1.4 0.6
10.7
11.0
1.9
0.7 1.7
1.9
1.4 1.2 0.2
PROB
.002#
.179
.506
.000#
.613
.012+
.051*
.242
.123
.174
.714
__________________________________________________________________________
TAS TEX
SCT STA RT COM EAR STW ECB ECB
VAR SZ EAR
GRN GRN LDG RST MLD WLT 1LF 2SC
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 4.9 5.7
6.4 4.1 40 8.0 7.6 7.0 5.2 4.4
2 5.5 5.9
6.3 4.4 90.1
6.0 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.2
LOCS
15 7 14 7 1 1 13 1 19 5
DIFF
0.5 0.1
0.1 0.3 50.0
2.0 0.5 0.0 1.6 1.8
PROB
.164
.805
.729
.689 .151 .000#
.105
__________________________________________________________________________
*= 10% SIG
+= 5% SIG
#= 1% SIG
TABLE 3B
__________________________________________________________________________
PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON DATA
VARIETY #1 - PHN46
VARIETY #2 - PHV78
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU YLD EAR BAR
PLT EAR
SDG EST TIL GDU GDU
VAR ACR
ACR SC MST SZ PLT
HT HT VGR CNT LER SHD SLK
YEAR REGION
# ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS ABS ABS
ABS ABS
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 64.8
140 5.9
29.5
5.4 95.6
72.1
27.6
6.2 29.2
2.0 146.8
148.8
SUM 2 40.5
88 6.9
31.9
6.9 91.6
84.6
30.5
4.9 25.3
2.4 153.8
158.4
LOCS
1 1 15 1 10 5 10 10 21 23 13 35 32
DIFF
24.3
53 0.9
2.4 1.5 4.0
12.5
2.9
1.4 3.9 0.4 7.1 9.7
PROB .063* .001#
.471
.001#
.295
.004#
.000#
.693
.000#
.000#
__________________________________________________________________________
POL TAS TEX
TST
SCT STA BRT
COM EAR SLF
STW ECB ECB
VAR SC SZ EAR
WT GRN GRN STK
RST MLD BLT
WLT 1LF 2SC
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS ABS
ABS
ABS ABS ABS
ABS ABS ABS
ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 5.8 5.0 5.3
49.1
6.5 2.4 100.0
8.0 7.5 5.0
7.0 4.9 4.4
SUM 2 7.4 7.4 4.3
47.1
5.9 5.0 100.0
6.0 6.5 5.0
6.0 6.1 4.4
LOCS
13 15 6 1 13 8 1 1 11 1 1 17 5
DIFF
1.6 2.4 1.0
2.0
0.6 2.6 0.0
2.0 1.1 0.0
1.0 1.2 0.0
PROB
.032+
.000#
.296 .104
.005# .031+ .001#
.000#
__________________________________________________________________________
*= 10% SIG
+= 5% SIG
#= 1% SIG
TABLE 3C
__________________________________________________________________________
PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON DATA
VARIETY #1 - PHN46
VARIETY #2 - PHR62
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU YLD EAR BAR PLT EAR SDG EST DRP TIL
VAR ACR ACR SC MST SZ PLT HT HT VGR CNT EAR LER
YEAR REGION
# ABS % MN
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 54.6
124 5.8 20.8
5.6 84.0
70.0
27.7
6.0 32.2
100.0
2.0
SUM 2 42.9
92 5.4 19.4
5.8 85.5
80.8
32.9
4.4 29.1
99.2
2.4
LOCS
4 4 16 4 9 6 12 12 22 31 3 13
DIFF
11.8
32 0.4 1.5 0.2 1.5 10.8
5.2 1.6 3.1 0.8 0.4
PROB
.008#
.104
.456
.355
.559
.887
.003#
.030+
.000#
.001#
.423
.714
__________________________________________________________________________
GDU GDU POL TAS TEX TST GRN SCT STA STK RT BRT
VAR SHD SLK SC SZ EAR WT QUL GRN GRN LDG LDG STK
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 147.4
149.9
5.8 4.9 5.7 54.3
6.2 6.4 3.8 90.8
60.8
100.0
SUM 2 148.6
154.0
5.8 6.2 7.7 55.1
6.0 6.4 5.8 99.3
78.6
100.0
LOCS
39 36 12 15 7 4 3 14 10 3 4 1
DIFF
1.2 4.1 0.0 1.3 2.0 0.8 0.2 0.1 2.1 8.5 17.9
0.0
PROB
.261
.000#
.000#
.000#
.010+
.373
.899
.895
.021+
.333
.518
__________________________________________________________________________
COM EAR STW ECB ECB ECB
VAR RST MLD WLT DPE 1LF 2SC
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 8.0 7.6 7.0 100.0
5.1 5.4
SUM 2 5.0 8.2 6.0 98.8
7.0 6.5
LOCS
1 13 1 2 20 7
DIFF
3.0 0.5 1.0 1.3 2.0 1.1
PROB .089* .500
.000#
.103
__________________________________________________________________________
*= 10% SIG
+= 5% SIG
#= 1% SIG
TABLE 3D
__________________________________________________________________________
PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON DATA
VARIETY #1 - PHN46
VARIETY #2 - PHN82
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU YLD EAR BAR PLT EAR SDG EST DRP TIL
VAR ACR ACR SC MST SZ PLT HT HT VGR CNT EAR LER
YEAR REGION
# ABS % MN
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 51.8
122 5.9 19.1
5.4 88.2
70.5
27.9
6.1 34.2
100.0
1.6
SUM 2 70.7
173 6.9 24.3
6.2 97.7
65.0
25.0
4.5 34.4
100.0
0.9
LOCS
9 9 15 9 10 8 15 15 30 35 6 16
DIFF
18.8
51 0.9 5.2 0.8 9.5 5.5 2.9 1.6 0.2 0.0 0.7
PROB
.001#
.002#
.014+
.001#
.053*
.031+
.001#
.039+
.000#
.806
1.00
.598
__________________________________________________________________________
GDU GDU POL TAS TEX TST GRN SCT STA STK RT BRT
VAR SHD SLK SC SZ EAR WT QUL GRN GRN LDG LDG STK
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 147.7
149.3
5.8 5.1 5.6 55.8
6.6 6.5 2.8 95.3
73.1
100.0
SUM 2 143.9
149.4
4.7 4.5 5.4 54.6
6.1 7.1 6.5 99.5
95.5
100.0
LOCS
42 39 13 17 7 9 5 14 13 6 6 1
DIFF
3.8 0.1 1.1 0.6 0.1 1.2 0.5 0.6 3.7 4.2 22.4
0.0
PROB
.000#
.962
.028+
.181
.838
.070*
.611
.071*
.000#
.319
.154
__________________________________________________________________________
COM EAR SLF STW ECB ECB ECB
VAR RST MLD BLT WLT DPE 1LF 2SC
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL 1 8.0 7.7 5.0 7.0 100.0
4.9 4.6
SUM 2 9.0 7.2 4.0 6.0 100.0
5.1 5.9
LOCS
1 12 1 1 2 18 7
DIFF
1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 1.3
PROB .293 1.00
.808
.382
__________________________________________________________________________
*= 10% SIG
+= 5% SIG
#= 1% SIG
TABLE 4A
__________________________________________________________________________
AVERAGE INBRED BY TESTER PERFORMANCE COMPARING PHN46 TO PHZ51 CROSSED TO
THE SAME INBRED TESTERS AND GROWN IN THE SAME EXPERIMENTS. ALL VALUES
ARE
EXPRESSED AS PERCENT OF THE EXPERIMENT MEAN EXCEPT PREDICTED RM,
SELECTION
INDEX, AND YIELD (BU/AC).
__________________________________________________________________________
SEL BU GDU PRM STK RT BAR
INBRED
PRM IND ACR YLD MST SRD SHD LDG LDG PLT
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
53 57 57 57 57 18 65 49 28 4
MEAN WTS
PHN46 115 104 151 101 101 101 122 103 108 100
MEAN WTS
PHZ51 112 106 152 101 97 99 116 104 101 101
DIFF. 3 2 1 0 4 2 6 1 7 1
__________________________________________________________________________
STA TST GRN SDG EST STK PLT EAR DRP BRT
INBRED
GRN WTA QUL VGR CNT CNT HT HT EAR STK
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
32 57 45 37 40 62 30 30 39 8
MEAN WTS
PHN46 105 99 97 92 94 98 98 107 101 102
MEAN WTS
PHZ51 109 100 102 96 100 99 103 105 99 103
DIFF. 4 1 5 5 5 2 5 2 1 1
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4B
__________________________________________________________________________
AVERAGE INBRED BY TESTER PERFORMANCE COMPARING PHN46 TO PHR62 CROSSED TO
THE SAME INBRED TESTERS AND GROWN IN THE SAME EXPERIMENTS. ALL VALUES
ARE
EXPRESSED AS PERCENT OF THE EXPERIMENT MEAN EXCEPT PREDICTED RM,
SELECTION
INDEX, AND YIELD (BU/AC).
__________________________________________________________________________
SEL
BU GDU PRM STK RT BAR STA
INBRED
PRM IND
ACR
YLD
MST
SHD SHD LDG LDG PLT GRN
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
130 130
136
136
136
39 142 115 69 12 69
MEAN WTS
PHN46 116 107
162
104
100
102 123 104 106 100 117
MEAN WTS
PHR62 111 100
155
99 93 100 120 100 94 100 93
DIFF. 5 7 8 6 7 2 3 4 12 0 24
__________________________________________________________________________
TST COB GRN SDG EST STK PLT EAR DRP BRT
INBRED
WTA SC QUL VGR CNT CNT HT HT EAR STK
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
136 4 107 60 83 138 65 65 75 22
MEAN WTS
PHN46 99 90 95 100 98 100 99 102 100 98
MEAN WTS
PHR62 100 120 106 106 100 100 101 103 100 96
DIFF. 1 31 11 5 1 0 2 2 0 2
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4C
__________________________________________________________________________
AVERAGE INBRED BY TESTER PERFORMANCE COMPARING PHN46 TO PHN82 CROSSED TO
THE SAME INBRED TESTERS AND GROWN IN THE SAME EXPERIMENTS. ALL VALUES
ARE
EXPRESSED AS PERCENT OF THE EXPERIMENT MEAN EXCEPT PREDICTED RM,
SELECTION
INDEX, AND YIELD (BU/AC).
__________________________________________________________________________
SEL
BU GDU PRM STK RT BAR
STA
INBRED
PRM IND
ACR
YLD
MST SHD SHD LDG LDG PLT
GRN
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
72 72 72 72 72 21 76 62 38 8 38
MEAN WTS
PHN46 115 105
158
102
96 100 121 102 109 99 103
MEAN WTS
PHN82 119 109
164
105
103 99 120 99 110 99 116
DIFF. 4 4 6 3 7 1 2 3 1 0 13
__________________________________________________________________________
TST COB GRN SDG EST STK PLT EAR DRP BRT
INBRED
WTA SC QUL VGR CNT CNT HT HT EAR STK
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
72 2 36 30 38 74 38 38 50 22
MEAN WTS
PHN46 98 97 99 95 100 100 98 103 100 100
MEAN WTS
PHN82 100 58 104 95 101 101 97 93 100 99
DIFF. 2 39 5 1 1 1 1 9 0 1
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4D
__________________________________________________________________________
AVERAGE INBRED BY TESTER PERFORMANCE COMPARING PHN46 TO PHV78 CROSSED TO
THE SAME INBRED TESTERS AND GROWN IN THE SAME EXPERIMENTS. ALL VALUES
ARE
EXPRESSED AS PERCENT OF THE EXPERIMENT MEAN EXCEPT PREDICTED RM,
SELECTION
INDEX, AND YIELD (BU/AC).
__________________________________________________________________________
SEL BU GDU PRM STK RT BAR
INBRED
PRM IND ACR YLD MST SHD SHD LDG LDG PLT
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
19 19 19 19 19 5 17 18 5 2
MEAN WTS
PHN46 119 109 152 107 98 101 124 99 106 101
MEAN WTS
PHV78 123 99 143 101 108 104 129 100 76 100
DIFF. 4 10 8 6 10 3 5 0 30 1
__________________________________________________________________________
STA TST GRN SDG EST STK PLT EAR DRP BRT
INBRED
GRN WTA QUL VGR CNT CNT HT HT EAR STK
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL REPLIC.
4 19 19 4 11 19 4 4 14 2
MEAN WTS
PHN46 88 98 94 99 103 100 102 110 101 101
MEAN WTS
PHV78 83 97 88 104 103 100 104 105 99 101
DIFF. 6 1 6 5 0 0 2 5 2
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5
__________________________________________________________________________
PHN46 HYBRID COMPARED TO PIONEER HYBRID 3374
VARIETY #1 - PHN46 HYBRID
VARIETY #2 - 3374
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU GDU STK RT BAR
VAR SEL ACR ACR MST SHD LDG LDG PLT
YEAR REGION
# PRM IND ABS % MN
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 118 114 152.2
109 17.1
132.0
90.4
97.2
100.0
2 115 110 146.7
105 16.7
129.3
93.3
91.3
94.8
LOCS
1 1 6 6 6 2 5 3 1
DIFF
2 4 5.5 4 0.4 2.8 2.9 5.9 5.2
PROB .493
.466
.080*
.361
.228
.425
__________________________________________________________________________
STA TST COB GRN SDG EST PLT EAR DRP
VAR GRN WTA SC QUL VGR CNT HT HT EAR
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 5.5 58.3
4.5 5.8 4.6 59.5
109.3
49.8
100.0
2 6.0 59.1
5.5 6.2 4.4 55.7
113.5
51.5
97.9
LOCS
2 6 1 6 4 7 2 2 5
DIFF
0.5 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.3 3.8 4.3 1.8 2.1
PROB
.000#
.152 .695
.731
.001#
.416
.395
.075*
__________________________________________________________________________
*= 10% SIG
+= 5% SIG
#= 1% SIG
TABLE 6
__________________________________________________________________________
PHN46 HYBRID COMPARED TO PIONEER HYBRID 3504
VARIETY #1 - PHN46 HYBRID
VARIETY #2 - 3504
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU GDU STK RT BAR
VAR SEL ACR ACR MST SHD LDG LDG PLT
YEAR REGION
# PRM IND ABS % MN
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 114 112 151.3
102 20.2
130.7
94.9
86.7
99.0
2 113 107 152.3
101 19.7
127.7
95.8
78.5
100.0
LOCS
2 2 14 14 14 4 10 8 1
DIFF
1 5 1.0 1 0.5 3.0 0.9 8.2 1.0
PROB
.580
.795
.858
.882
.040+
.173
.550
.154
__________________________________________________________________________
STA TST GRN SDG EST PLT EAR DRP BRT
VAR GRN WTA QUL VGR CNT HT HT EAR STK
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 5.8 56.6
6.8 4.8 53.6
111.3
55.9
99.6
99.2
2 5.4 57.0
7.2 5.3 60.3
118.6
54.7
98.7
99.7
LOCS
8 14 14 8 9 5 5 8 4
DIFF
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 6.7 7.3 1.2 0.9 0.5
PROB
.483
.335
.151
.563
.090*
.077*
.411
.114
.202
__________________________________________________________________________
*= 10% SIG
+= 5% SIG
#= 1% SIG
TABLE 7
__________________________________________________________________________
PHN47 HYBRID COMPARED TO PIONEER HYBRID 3527
VARIETY #1 - PHN46 HYBRID
VARIETY #2 - 3527
__________________________________________________________________________
BU BU GDU STK RT BAR
VAR SEL ACR
ACR MST SHD LDG LDG PLT
YEAR REGION
# PRM IND ABS
% MN
ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 117 113 163.1
109 18.6
137.8
89.6
94.4
100.0
2 112 108 152.6
102 17.5
133.5
88.8
77.1
94.8
LOCS
2 2 11 11 11 4 10 6 1
DIFF
5 6 10.5
7 1.1 4.3 0.8 17.2
5.2
PROB
.003#
.691
.116
.091*
.000#
.065*
.870
.090*
__________________________________________________________________________
STA TST COB
GRN SDG EST
PLT
EAR
DRP
BRT
VAR GRN WTA SC QUL VGR CNT
HT HT EAR
STK
YEAR REGION
# ABS ABS ABS
ABS ABS ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
__________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL SUM 1 6.5 58.2
4.0
6.8 5.1 58.3
102.5
50.4
98.5
97.0
2 4.8 59.1
6.0
7.3 5.9 58.0
105.9
50.9
98.2
99.1
LOCS
3 11 1 11 5 9 4 4 9 1
DIFF
1.7 0.9 2.0
0.5 0.8 0.2
3.4
0.5
0.2
2.0
PROB
