A novel soybean cultivar, designated 1572432, is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 1572432, to the plants of soybean 1572432 and to methods for producing a soybean plant produced by crossing the cultivar 1572432 with itself or another soybean variety. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds and plants produced by crossing the cultivar 1572432 with another soybean cultivar.
The complexity of inheritance influences choice of the breeding method. Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or a few favorable genes for a highly heritable trait into a desirable cultivar. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease-resistant cultivars. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross.
Each breeding program should include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard, overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of successful cultivars produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per dollar expended, etc.).
Promising advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s) for three or more years. The best lines are candidates for new commercial cultivars; those still deficient in a few traits may be used as parents to produce new populations for further selection.
These processes, which lead to the final step of marketing and distribution, usually take from eight to 12 years from the time the first cross is made. Therefore, development of new cultivars is a time-consuming process that requires precise forward planning, efficient use of resources, and a minimum of changes in direction.
A most difficult task is the identification of individuals that are genetically superior, because for most traits the true genotypic value is masked by other confounding plant traits or environmental factors. One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performance relative to other experimental plants and to a widely grown standard cultivar. If a single observation is inconclusive, replicated observations provide a better estimate of its genetic worth.
The goal of plant breeding is to develop new, unique and superior soybean cultivars. The breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations. The breeder can theoretically generate billions of different genetic combinations via crossing, selfing and mutations. The breeder has no direct control at the cellular level. Therefore, two breeders will never develop the same line, or even very similar lines, having the same soybean traits.
Each year, the plant breeder selects the germplasm to advance to the next generation. This germplasm is grown under unique and different geographical, climatic and soil conditions, and further selections are then made, during and at the end of the growing season. The cultivars which are developed are unpredictable. This unpredictability is because the breeder's selection occurs in unique environments, with no control at the DNA level (using conventional breeding procedures), and with millions of different possible genetic combinations being generated. A breeder of ordinary skill in the art cannot predict the final resulting lines he develops, except possibly in a very gross and general fashion. The same breeder cannot produce the same cultivar twice by using the exact same original parents and the same selection techniques. This unpredictability results in the expenditure of large research monies to develop a superior new soybean cultivar.
Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection breeding methods are used to develop cultivars from breeding populations. Breeding programs combine desirable traits from two or more cultivars or various broad-based sources into breeding pools from which cultivars are developed by selfing and selection of desired phenotypes. The new cultivars are evaluated to determine which have commercial potential.
Pedigree breeding is used commonly for the improvement of self-pollinating crops. Two parents which possess favorable, complementary traits are crossed to produce an F.sub.1. An F.sub.2 population is produced by selfing one or several F.sub.1 's or by intercrossing two F.sub.1 's (sib mating). Selection of the best individuals may begin in the F.sub.2 population; then, beginning in the F.sub.3, the best individuals in the best families are selected. Replicated testing of families can begin in the F.sub.4 generation to improve the effectiveness of selection for traits with low heritability. At an advanced stage of inbreeding (i.e., F.sub.6 and F.sub.7), the best lines or mixtures of phenotypically similar lines are tested for potential release as new cultivars.
Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued.
Backcross breeding has been used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait into a desirable homozygous cultivar or inbred line which is the recurrent parent. The source of the trait to be transferred is called the donor parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent. After the initial cross, individuals possessing the phenotype of the donor parent are selected and repeatedly crossed (backcrossed) to the recurrent parent. The resulting plant is expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent (e.g., cultivar) and the desirable trait transferred from the donor parent.
The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F.sub.2 to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F.sub.2 individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F.sub.2 plants originally sampled in the population will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed.
In a multiple-seed procedure, soybean breeders commonly harvest one or more pods from each plant in a population and thresh them together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The procedure has been referred to as modified single-seed descent or the pod-bulk technique.
The multiple-seed procedure has been used to save labor at harvest. It is considerably faster to thresh pods with a machine than to remove one seed from each by hand for the single-seed procedure. The multiple-seed procedure also makes it possible to plant the same number of seeds of a population each generation of inbreeding. Enough seeds are harvested to make up for those plants that did not germinate or produce seed.
Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, 1960; Simmonds, 1979; Sneep et al., 1979; Fehr, 1987).
Proper testing should detect any major faults and establish the level of superiority or improvement over current cultivars. In addition to showing superior performance, there must be a demand for a new cultivar that is compatible with industry standards or which creates a new market. The introduction of a new cultivar will incur additional costs to the seed producer, the grower, processor and consumer; for special advertising and marketing, altered seed and commercial production practices, and new product utilization. The testing preceding release of a new cultivar should take into consideration research and development costs as well as technical superiority of the final cultivar. For seed-propagated cultivars, it must be feasible to produce seed easily and economically.
Soybean, Glycine max (L), is an important and valuable field crop. Thus, a continuing goal of plant breeders is to develop stable, high yielding soybean cultivars that are agronomically sound. The reasons for this goal are obviously to maximize the amount of grain produced on the land used and to supply food for both animals and humans. To accomplish this goal, the soybean breeder must select and develop soybean plants that have the traits that result in superior cultivars.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a novel soybean cultivar, designated 1572432. This invention thus relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar 1572432, to the plants of soybean 1572432 and to methods for producing a soybean plant produced by crossing the soybean 1572432 with itself or another soybean line.
DEFINITIONS
In the description and tables which follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:
Maturity
Plants are considered mature when 95% of the pods have reached their mature color.
Seed Yield Bushels/Acre)
The yield in bushels/acre is the actual yield of the grain at harvest.
Lodging Resistance
Lodging is rated on a scale of 1 to 9. A score of 9 indicates erect plants. A score of 5 indicates plants are leaning at a 45.degree. angle in relation to the ground and a score of 1 indicates plants are laying on the ground.
Phytophthora Tolerance
Tolerance to Phytophthora root rot is rated on a scale of 1 to 9, with a score of 9 being the best or highest tolerance ranging down to a score of 1 which indicates the plants have no tolerance to phytophthora.
Emergence
This score indicates the ability of the seed to emerge when planted 3" deep in sand and with a controlled temperature of 25.degree. C. The number of plants that emerge each day are counted. Based on this data, each genotype is given a 1 to 9 score based on its rate of emergence and percent of emergence. A score of 9 indicates an excellent rate and percent of emergence, an intermediate score of 5 indicates average ratings and a 1 score indicates a very poor rate and percent of emergence.
Iron-Deficiency Chlorosis
Plants are scored 1 to 9 based on visual observations. A score of 1 indicates the plants are dead or dying caused by iron-deficiency chlorosis, a score of 5 means plants have intermediate health with some leaf yellowing and a score of 9 means no stunting of the plants or yellowing of the leaves.
Brown Stem Rot
This is a visual disease score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes in a given test. The score is based on leaf symptoms of yellowing and necrosis caused by brown stem rot. A score of 9 indicates no symptoms. Visual scores range down to a score of 1 which indicates severe symptoms of leaf yellowing and necrosis.
Shattering
The amount of pod dehiscence prior to harvest. Pod dehiscence involves seeds falling from the pods to the soil. This is a visual score from 1 to 9 comparing all genotypes within a given test. A score of 9 means pods have not opened and no seeds have fallen out. A score of 5 indicates approximately 50% of the pods have opened, with seeds falling to the ground and a score of 1 indicates 100% of the pods are opened.
Plant Height
Plant height is taken from the top of soil to top of the plant and is measured in inches.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Soybean cultivar 1572432 has superior characteristics and was developed from the cross A301024.times.63639. F.sub.3 seed was advanced by the single seed decent method of breeding. In the fall of 1989, F.sub.3 derived single plants were selected and harvested individually. These lines were tested in experimental plots in 1990 at Adel, Ia. The highest yielding lines were retained for additional testing in 1991. A second year of testing was conducted during 1991 at four midwest locations where the lines were adapted. In the fall of 1991, 20 F.sub.5 derived single plants of 15724 were selected and harvested individually.
During 1992 these 20 plant rows were evaluated for maturity and other visual characters. Also during 1992, 15724 was evaluated at nine midwest locations. 15724 was advanced to the 1993 Elite Trial where it was evaluated at eleven midwest locations. Eight plant row selections were advanced to the 1993 Plant Row Yield Trials.
Based on the 1992-1993 Elite data on 15724 and Plant Row Yield Trial data, selection 1572432 was advanced to the 1994 Elite Trial which included 13 midwest locations as shown in Table 1.
Some of the criteria used to select in various generations include: seed yield, lodging resistance, emergence, disease tolerance, maturity, late season plant intactness, plant height and shattering resistance.
The cultivar has shown uniformity and stability for all traits, as described in the following variety description information. It has been self-pollinated a sufficient number of generations, with careful attention to uniformity of plant type to ensure homozygosity and phenotypic stability. The line has been increased with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in 1572432.
Soybean cultivar 1572432 has the following morphologic and other characteristics (based primarily on data collected at Adel, Iowa):
VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION
1. Seed Shape: Spherical Flattened (L/W ratio>1.2; L/T ratio=<1.2)
2. Seed Coat Color: (Mature Seed)--Yellow
3. Seed Coat Luster: (Mature Hand Shelled Seed)--Dull
4. Hilum Color: (Mature Seed)--Imperfect Black
5. Cotyledon Color: (Mature Seed)--Yellow
6. Leaflet Shape: Ovate
7. Leaflet Size: Medium
8. Leaf Color: Dark Green
9. Flower Color: Purple
10. Pod Color: Brown
11. Plant Pubescence Color: Gray
12. Plant Types: Intermediate
13. Plant Habit: Intermediate
14. Maturity Group: III
15. Relative Maturity: 3.1
16. Plant Lodging Score: 7
17. Plant Height: 96 cm.
18. Seed Content--% Protein: 35.1 % Oil: 18.8
19. Seed Size G/100 Seeds: 17.5
This invention is also directed to methods for producing a soybean plant by crossing a first parent soybean plant with a second parent soybean plant, wherein the first or second soybean plant is the soybean plant from the line 1572432. Further, both first and second parent soybean plants may be from the cultivar 1572432. Therefore, any methods using the cultivar 1572432 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid breeding, and crosses to populations. Any plants produced using cultivar 1572432 as a parent are within the scope of this invention.
As used herein, the term "plant" includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cells of tissue culture from which soybean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as pollen, flowers, seeds, pods, leaves, stems, and the like. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide for cells which upon growth and differentiation produce the cultivar 1572432.
The cultivar 1572432 is similar to Stine 3510 Brand, a widely grown Early Group II soybean. While a progenitor of Stine 3510 is a parent of 1572432 there are several differences. For example, 1572432 has gray pubescence while Stine 3510 Brand has tawny pubescence. Additionally, 1572432 has imperfect black hilum while Stine 3510 Brand has brown hilum.
As shown in Table 1, soybean cultivar 1572432 yields higher than Stine 3510, Stine 2490 and P9301, with the increase over Stine 2490 and P9301 being significant at the 0.05 level of probability.
Table 2 shows improved lodging resistance for 1572432 over Stine 3510, Stine 2490 and P9301 with the improved lodging resistance over Stine 3510 being significant at the 0.05 level.
In addition to improved yield and lodging resistance, 1572432 has better Brown Stem Rot resistance compared to Stine 3510.
TABLES
In the table that follows, the traits and characteristics of soybean cultivar 1572432 are compared to elite commercial soybeans of similar maturity. In Table 1 the year of the test is shown in the second column and the number of locations is in the third column. Column 4 indicates the genotype and column 5 shows the mean yield in bushels per acre. Columns 6 and 7 present the LSD values at the 5% and 10% levels of significants, respectfully. Cultivar 1572432 has superior yielding ability over all elite soybeans with a similar maturity rating. Table 2, column 5 shows the mean lodging for each genotype.
TABLE 1
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HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS
Comp No. of Mean LSD LSD
# Year Loc. Genotype
Yield @ .05 @ .10
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1 1994 13 1572432 61.69 4.24 3.55
Stine 3510
59.43
2 1994 13 1572432 61.69 4.24 3.55
Stine 2490
57.12
3 1994 13 1572432 61.69 4.24 3.55
P9301 53.16
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TABLE 2
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HEAD TO HEAD COMPARISONS
Comp No. of Mean LSD LSD
# Year Loc. Genotype
Lodging
@ .05 @ .10
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1 1994 8 1572432 6.71 .67 .56
Stine 3510
6.02
2 1994 8 1572432 6.71 .67 .56
Stine 2490
6.40
3 1994 8 1572432 6.71 .67 .56
P9301 6.19
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DEPOSIT INFORMATION
Seeds of 1572432 have been placed on deposit with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, Md. 20852, under Deposit Accession Number 97017 on Jan. 11, 1995.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
