Water-in-oil emulsions

A water-in-oil emulsion is disclosed which comprises: (A) a continuous oil phase; (B) a discontinuous aqueous phase; (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C) (I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C) (II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and (D) a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additive dissolved in said aqueous phase; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.

 

I claim:

1. A water-in-oil emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, the least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additive dissolved in said aqueous phase; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.

2. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (A) is present in said emulsion at a level in the range of from about 2% to about 70% by weight of said emulsion.

3. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (B) is present in said emulsion at a level in the range of from about 1% to about 98% by weight of said emulsion.

4. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C) is present in said emulsion at a level in the range of from about 0.05% to about 30% by weight of said emulsion.

5. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) is present in said emulsion at a level in the range of from about 0.05% to about 95% by weight of said emulsion.

6. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein (C)(I) is derived from at least one alpha-beta olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, said acid or anhydride or derivative containing from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms exclusive of the carboxyl-based groups.

7. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein (C)(I) is a monocarboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride.

8. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein (C)(I) is a polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride.

9. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein (C)(I) is represented by the formulae ##STR23## wherein hyd is said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I).

10. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) is an ester or an amide derived from at least one compound represented by the formulae ##STR24## wherein hyd is said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I).

11. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) has an average of from about 30 to about 500 carbon atoms.

12. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) has an average of from about 40 to about 500 carbon atoms.

13. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) has an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms.

14. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) is an alkyl or an alkenyl group.

15. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) is a poly(isobutylene) group.

16. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one primary and/or secondary amine.

17. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) is derived from ammonia.

18. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one monoamine, said monoamine being characterized by the presence within its structure of at least one primary or secondary amino group.

19. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from a polyamine containing at least one primary and/or secondary amino group.

20. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic primary or secondary monoamine.

21. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic polyamine containing at least one primary or secondary amino group.

22. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one alkylene polyamine of the formula ##STR25## wherein n is a number in the range of from 1 to about 10, each R" is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group having up to about 30 carbon atoms, and the Alkylene group has from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.

23. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one monohydric alcohol or at least one polyhydric alcohol.

24. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one compound represented by the formula

R.sup.1 --(OH).sub.m

wherein R.sup.1 is a monovalent or polyvalent organic group joined to the OH groups through carbon-to-oxygen bonds and m is an integer of from 1 to about 10.

25. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one monohydroxy aromatic compound and/or at least one polyhydroxy aromatic compound.

26. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one hydroxyamine.

27. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one hydroxyamine containing at least one primary or secondary amino group.

28. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from diethylethanolamine.

29. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from said acid or anhydride and at least one alcohol, the ratio of said alcohol to said acid or anhydride being in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.95 equivalent of alcohol per equivalent of said acid or anhydride.

30. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from said acid or anhydride and at least one amine, the ratio of said amine to said acid or anhydride being in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.95 equivalent of amine per equivalent of said acid or anhydride.

31. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one monoamine and/or at least one polyamine.

32. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine.

33. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic monoamine.

34. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic polyamine.

35. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkylene polyamine of the formula ##STR26## wherein n is a number of from 1 to about 10, each R" is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group having up to about 30 carbon atoms, and the Alkylene group has from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.

36. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises (a) at least one N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine, (b) at least one hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analog of (a), or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b).

37. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkanol amine containing up to about 40 carbon atoms.

38. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) is selected from the group consisting of (a) primary, secondary and tertiary alkanol amines which can be represented correspondingly by the formulae ##STR27## (b) hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs of said alkanol amines represented by the formulae ##STR28## wherein each R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (c) mixtures of two of more thereof.

39. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) is diethylethanolamine.

40. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) is ammonia.

41. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkali metal.

42. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises sodium.

43. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkaline earth metal.

44. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkali metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate.

45. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (C)(II) comprises at least one alkaline earth metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate.

46. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises at least one organic or inorganic acid or salt.

47. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises at least one borate, molybdate and/or phosphate.

48. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises at least one non-oxidizing acid.

49. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfamic acid or at least one organic acid containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.

50. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises at least one oxygen-supplying salt.

51. The emulsion of claim 1 wherein component (D) comprises ammonium nitrate.

52. A hydraulic fluid comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one borate, phosphate and/or molybdate dissolved in said aqueous phase.

53. A hydraulic fluid comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride, the polyisobutylene substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) diethylethanolamine;

(D) a functional amount of at least one borate, phosphate and/or molybdate dissolved in said aqueous phase.

54. An acidizing fluid comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one non-oxidizing acid dissolved in said aqueous phase.

55. The fluid of claim 54 wherein said acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid hydrofluoric acid, sulfamic acid or at least one organic acid containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.

56. An acidizing fluid comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride, the polyisobutylene substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) diethylethanolamine;

(D) a functional amount of at least one non-oxidizing acid dissolved in said aqueous phase.

57. An explosive emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least open oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.

58. The emulsion of claim 57 wherein component (D) is ammonium nitrate.

59. A water-in-oil emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia and/or at least one amine; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additive dissolved in said aqueous phase; said functional additive being one or more oxygen-supplying salt, one or more non-oxidizing acids, or one or more borates, phosphates and/or molybdates; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.

60. An explosive emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emuslifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C) (I) at least one ester or amide derived from at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.

61. An explosive emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C) (I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C) (II) ammonia; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.

62. An explosive emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C) (I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C) (II) at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.

63. An explosive emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emuslifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, at least one amine other than an alkanol amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.

64. An explosive emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt made by reacting component (C) (I) with component (C) (II) under salt-forming conditions, component (C) (I) being at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and component (C) (II) being ammonia, at least one amine other than diethylethanol amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to water-in-oil emulsions and, more particularly, to water-in-oil emulsions containing nitrogen-containing salt emulsifiers and water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additives. The utility of these emulsions is dependent upon the specific functional additives employed and includes that of hydraulic fluids, explosives and acidizing fluids.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Water-in-oil emulsions have found wide acceptance as fire-resistant hydraulic fluids in general industry, coal mines and rolling mills where fire hazards exist. These hydraulic fluids are generally used in applications where the fluid could spray or drip from a break or leak onto a source of ignition, e.g., a pot of molten metal or a gas flame. This condition often exists in die-casting machines or in presses located near furnaces. Typically, these hydraulic fluids are constituted of a continuous oil phase, a discontinuous aqueous phase, at least one emulsifying agent, and one or more functional additives such as rust-inhibiting agents, extreme-pressure agents, foam inhibitors, freezing point depressants, bactericides, oxidation inhibitors, and the like. Examples of such hydraulic fluids are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,255,108; 3,269,946; 3,281,356; 3,311,4561; 3,378,494; 3,629,119; and 4,225,447; these patents being incorporated herein by reference.

A problem with water-in-oil hydraulic fluids is that they have a tendency to cause wear of metallic pump parts and other equipment with which they come into contact. The water phase, though dispersed in the oil phase, creates wear problems that are not encountered with straight petroleum oil compositions. Another problem is that the water phase tends to corrode the metallic parts it contacts. Water-phase additives which have been employed previously to reduce wear and/or corrosion have had the disadvantage that they tend to precipitate from the emulsion, particularly when the water content becomes reduced during use. The omission of water-phase additives, on the other hand, is undesirable since it is frequently impossible to obtain satisfactory wear- and/or corrosion-resistance by the use of additives which are dissolved only in the oil phase.

Explosive emulsions are typically constituted of continuous organic fuel or oil phase in which discrete droplets of an aqueous solution of an oxygen-supplying source are dispersed as a discontinuous phase. Such compositions are conventionally described as water-in-oil explosive emulsion compositions, and examples thereof have been described, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,447,978; 3,985,593; 4,008,110; 4,097,316; 4,104,092; 4,110,134; 4,149,916; 4,149,917; 4,218,272; 4,259,977; 4,357,184; 4,371,408; 4,404,050; 4,409,044; 4,453,989; and 4,534,809; and European Application Publication No. 0,155,800 Al, which are incorporated herein by reference. Formation of these explosive emulsions is generally effected in the presence of an emulsifier which is selected to promote subdivision of the droplets of the oxidizer phase and dispersion thereof in the continuous phase. While many of the emulsifiers described in the prior art are meritorious, none have provided emulsion stability characteristics that are entirely satisfactory. Additionally, with most emulsifiers used in the prior art, selection of the fuel or oil for the continuous phase is generally limited to highly-refined, highly paraffinic oils such as white oils.

Acid treating or acidizing of porous subterranean formations penetrated by a well bore has been widely employed for increasing the production of fluids, e.g., crude oil, natural gas, etc., from the formations. The usual technique of acidizing a formation comprises introducing a nonoxidizing acid into the well under sufficient pressure to force the acid out into the formation where it reacts with the acid-soluble components of the formation. The technique is applicable to formations of high acid solubility such as limestone, dolomite, etc., as well as to other types of formations such as a sandstone containing streaks or striations of acid-soluble components such as the various carbonates. During the acid treating operation, passageways for fluid flow are created in the formation, or existing passageways therein are enlarged, thus stimulating the production of fluids from the formation. This action of the acid on the formation is often called etching. Acid treating or acidizing operations wherein the acid is injected into the formation at a pressure or rate insufficient to create cracks or fractures in the formation is usually referred to as matrix-acidizing. Various acidizing compositions have been disclosed in the prior art. Examples are disclosed, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,136,739; 4,137,182; 4,137,400; 4,137,972; 4,143,007; 4,144,179; 4,146,486; 4,148,360; 4,148,736; 4,151,098; 4,152,274; 4,152,289; 4,153,066; 4,153,649; 4,160,483; 4,163,727; 4,167,214; 4,169,797; 4,169,798; 4,169,818; 4,169,945; 4,172,041; 4,172,055; 4,174,283; 4,191,657; 4,200,151; 4,200,539; 4,200,540; 4,202,795; 4,203,492; 4,205,724; 4,206,058; 4,210,205; 4,210,206; 4,215,001; 4,217,231; 4,219,429; 4,225,445; 4,244,826; and 4,246,124, these patents being incorporated herein by reference. Examples of water-in-oil emulsions used in acidizing are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,140,640 and 4,233,165, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acylating agents having at least 30 aliphatic carbon atoms in the substituent are known. The use of such carboxylic acylating agents as additives in normally liquid fuels and lubricants is discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,288,714 and 3,346,354. These acylating agents are also useful as intermediates for preparing additives for use in normally liquid fuels and lubricants as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,892,786; 3,087,936; 3,163,603; 3,172,892; 3,189,544; 3,215,707; 3,219,666; 3,231,587; 3,235,503; 3,272,746; 3,306,907; 3,306,908; 3,331,776; 3,341,542; 3,346,354; 3,374,174; 3,379,515; 3,381,022; 3,413,104; 3,450,715; 3,454,607; 3,455,728; 3,476,686; 3,513,095; 3,523,768; 3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,697,428; 3,755,169; 3,804,763; 3,836,470; 3,862,981; 3,936,480; 3,948,909; 3,950,341; 4,234,435; and 4,471,091; and French Patent No. 2,223,415.

Nitrogen-containing, phosphorus-free carboxylic solubilizers useful in high water based functional fluids are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,329,249; 4,368,133; 4,435,297; 4,447,348; and 4,448,703. These solubilizers are made by reacting (I) at least one carboxylic acid acylating agent having at least one hydrocarbyl-based substituent of at least about 12 to about 500 carbon atoms with (II) at least one (a) N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine, (b) hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analog of said amine (a), or (c) mixtures of (a) and (b). These patents indicate that the preferred acylating agents include the substituted succinic acids or anhydrides and that the amines that are useful include the primary, secondary and tertiary alkanol amines. These solubilizers are useful in dispersing or dissolving oil-soluble, water-insoluble functional additives in water-based functional fluids. These references indicate that a particularly preferred embodiment of the solubilizer is the reaction product of a polyisoubtenyl-substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine or a mixture of diethylethanolamine and ethanolamine.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An advantage of the present invention is that stable water-in-oil emulsions are provided which are useful as hydraulic fluids, explosives and acidizing solutions. A particular advantage of the invention with respect to hydraulic fluids relates to the provision of water-phase functional additives which improve the rust inhibition and anti-wear characteristics of such fluids. A particular advantage with respect to explosives is an increased flexibility in the selection of oils or fuels for the continuous phase.

Broadly stated, the present invention contemplates the provision of a water-in-oil emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or said anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms; and (C)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one water-soluble, oil-insoluble functional additive, dissolved in said aqueous phase; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides for a hydraulic fluid comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one borate, phosphate and/or molybdate dissolved in said aqueous phase.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention provides for an acidizing fluid comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one non-oxidizing acid dissolved in said aqueous phase.

In still another preferred embodiment, the invention provides for an explosive emulsion comprising:

(A) a continuous oil phase;

(B) a discontinuous aqueous phase;

(C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one salt derived from (C)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (C)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (C)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(D) a functional amount of at least one oxygen-supplying salt dissolved in said aqueous phase; with the proviso that when component (D) is ammonium nitrate, component (C) is other than an ester/salt formed by the reaction of polyisobutenyl (Mn=950) substituted succinic anhydride with diethylethanolamine in a ratio of one equivalent of anhydride to one equivalent of amine.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The term "hydrocarbyl" is used herein to include substantially hydrocarbyl groups as well as purely hydrocarbyl groups. The description of these groups as being substantially hydrocarbyl means that they contain no non-hydrocarbyl substituents or noncarbon atoms which significantly affect the hydrocarbyl characteristics or properties of such groups relevant to their uses as described herein. Non-limiting examples of substituents which do not significantly alter the hydrocarbyl characteristics or properties of the general nature of the hydrocarbyl groups of this invention include the following:

Ether groups (especially hydrocarbyloxy such as phenoxy, benzyloxy, methoxy, n-butoxy, etc., and particularly alkoxy groups of up to about 10 carbon atoms);

Oxo groups (e.g., --O-- linkages in the main carbon chain);

Nitro groups;

Thioether groups (especially C.sub.1-10 alkyl thioether);

Thia groups (e.g., --S-- linkages in the main carbon chain);

Carbohydrocarbyloxy groups (e.g., ##STR1## hydrocarbyl); Sulfonyl groups (e.g., ##STR2## hydrocarbyl);

Sulfinyl groups (e,g., ##STR3## hydrocarbyl). This list is intended to be merely illustrative and not exhaustive, and the omission of a certain class of substituent is not meant to require its exclusion. In general, if such substituents are present, there will not be more than two for each 10 carbon atoms in the substantially hydrocarbyl group and preferably not more than one for each 10 carbon atoms since this number of substituents usually will not substantially affect the hydrocarbyl characteristics and properties of the group. Nevertheless, the hydrocarbyl groups are preferably free from non-hydrocarbon groups; that is, they are preferably hydrocarbyl groups consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

The term "lower" as used in the present specification and claims, when used in conjunction with terms such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, and the like, is intended to describe such groups which contain a total of up to 7 carbon atoms.

The term "water-soluble" refers to materials which are soluble in water to the extent of at least one gram per 100 milliliters of water at 25.degree. C.

The term "oil-insoluble" refers to materials which are not soluble in mineral oil above a level of about one gram per 100 milliliters of oil at 25.degree. C.

The term "functional amount" refers to a sufficient quantity of an additive to impart desired properties intended by the addition of said additive. For example, if an additive is a rust-inhibitor, a functional amount of said rust-inhibitor would be an amount sufficient to increase the rust-inhibiting characteristics of the emulsion to which it is added. Similarly, if the additive is an anti-wear agent, a functional amount of said anti-wear agent would be a sufficient quantity of the anti-wear agent to improve the anti-wear characteristics of the emulsion to which it is added.

The oil phase (A) of the water-in-oil emulsions of the invention is a continuous oil phase, while the aqueous phase (B) is a discontinuous aqueous phase dispersed in the oil phase (A). The functional additive (D) is dissolved in the dispersed aqueous phase (B). The emulsifying salt (C) stabilizes the emulsion. The inventive emulsions preferably comprise: from about 2% to about 70% by weight, more p