X-ray or gamma-ray system

In a method of investigating a body of means of penetrating radiation such as X- or .gamma.- radiation, the energy of the radiation is chosen to be such that the radiation is scattered, rather than absorbed, by the body. The scattered radiation is detected by means of banks of detector means disposed...     

An electro-optical transducer which encompasses, within a vacuum tube, a constructional element having an alkali metal and a constructional element having a semi-conductor. The semi-conductor constructional element is rendered insensitive with respect to alkali metals. This is achieved in that the surface...     

An improved gamma camera arrangement of a variety utilizing a solid state detector, preferably formed of high purity germanium. The central arrangement of the camera operates to effect the carrying out of a trapezoidal filtering operation over antisymmetrically summed spatial signals through gated integration...     

A gamma camera system having control components operating in conjunction with a solid state detector. The detector is formed of a plurality of discrete components which are associated in geometrical or coordinate arrangement defining a detector matrix to derive coordinate signal outputs. These outputs...     

The invention relates to X rays detection devices, either for dose metering purposes or for display purposes. The device in accordance with the invention comprises a thin plate of ferroelectric material upon the faces of which electrical charges are deposited. X ray radiation produces an increase in...     

A detector array and method are disclosed in which plural sets of electrode elements are provided with each set comprising a plurality of linear extending parallel electrodes. The sets of electrode elements are disposed at an angle (preferably orthogonal) with respect to one another so that the individual...     

In a computerized axial tomographic apparatus it is proposed to use, as radiation detectors, alkali halide scintillator crystals cooperating with photodiodes to measure the light output therefrom, or else photodiodes directly sensitive to the radiation passed through the patient. For advantageous operation,...     

A small but very efficient X-ray detector operating in a current integrating mode for use in high speed tomography apparatus comprises a scintillator that is entirely coated with a highly reflective matte material except for a relatively small-area window. A P.I.N photo-diode is juxtaposed with the scintillator...     

The specification discloses a scintillator crystal configuration which enables a group of crystals to be closely packed together, for example in a V-formation. Each crystal receives x-radiation through an input face, which is of small area, and emits light through an output face, to which a photodiode...     

Radiography apparatus including radiation generating means, collimator means interposed between the radiation generating means and an object to be exposed to radiation, scintillator means disposed on the opposite side of the object from the radiation generating means for converting the radiation to light,...     

An ionizing radiation detector arrangement includes scintillator crystals and respective photodiodes of elongate form and mountings to assemble these in sub-arrays of, for example, four, units. The mountings are shaped to permit assembly around a ring with radially extending cards bearing circuit components....     

A radiation detector includes a detection element having a single crystal silicon substrate with an impurity concentration of less than 1.times.10.sup.14 cm.sup.-3, a metal layer formed on one surface of the substrate to form a surface barrier therebetween and an electrode layer mounted on the opposite...     

A radiation detector, particularly suitable for use in computerized tomographic scanning systems, comprising a scintillator crystal having one window surface optically connected with a photodetector, preferably a semiconductor device, and having other surfaces diffused and tapered whereby the window...     

An apparatus for simultaneously obtaining both non-dispersive and spatially-resolved soft x-ray spectra from a distributed soft x-ray source. A charge coupled device (CCD) camera having a back-illuminated CCD is irradiated by an x-ray source and a mechanical shutter or electronic shutter effect is used...     

An electrical charge amplifier including a filter circuit is AC coupled to a semiconductor (CdTe) detector and generates a voltage pulse in response to an electrical charge generated in the detector by an incident pulse of radiation. The filter allows only frequencies within a predetermined range to...     

Methods for constructing radiation sensitive detectors are described. In one method, distinct layers of optical cement and plastics material are disposed between a semiconductor photodiode and a layer of rare earth phosphor in order to permit the phosphor and the plastics material to be peeled from the...     

A high resolution detector having a scintillation crystal for receiving incident X-rays at a front face and interacting with the radiation to generate corresponding visible light radiation. Silicon photodiode arrays are positioned on top and bottom lateral faces of the scintillation crystal to receive...     

In radiation detection apparatus apparatus having a plurality of radiation detector each comprising a scintillator which emits light in response to a radiation, and a photodetector which detects an emission intensity of the scintillator; radiation detection apparatus characterized in that the scintillator...     

An array of optically isolated small area scintillators overlie a duophotoconductive sandwich, which includes interdigitated electrodes. The sandwich structure wound each interdigitated electrode is precharged to act as a separate small area detector. The duophotoconductive sandwich includes a photoconductive...     

A scintillator formed of a ZnWO.sub.4 single crystal having an absorption coefficient less than or equal to 1.8 cm.sup.-1 for the light having a wavelength of 520 nm is disclosed which has a luminescence wavelength of 480 nm and therefore can be combined with a photodiode, and which is high in radiation...     

A modular solid-state detector cell which intimately associates a scintillator body with a pair of photoresponsive semiconductors so as to present on a single collimator plate all of the elements necessary for transforming incident X-radiation into a measurable electrical signal. The detector is provided...     

An X-ray spectrometer for providing imaging and energy resolution of an X-ray source comprised of a thick silicon wafer (10) having an embedded matrix or grid of aluminum completely through the wafer fabricated, for example, by thermal migration. The aluminum matrix defines the walls (16, 18) of a rectangular...     

Dual energy imaging develops simultaneous signals from transmitted energy of different characteristics. The detector includes two serially arranged detectors. A first detector preferentially absorbs lower level radiant energy and the second detector preferentially absorbs higher radiant energy. The detectors...     

A semiconductor device for the detection of radiation in general and X-radiation and infrared radiation in particular is provided.

A computerized tomography apparatus including an array of radiation detectors including plural scintillation crystals and photoelectric transducers alternately disposed to receive a fan shaped radiation beam. The scintillation crystal is optically connected with the photoelectric transducer at the interface...     

A two-dimensional X-ray detecting apparatus is comprised of an amorphous silicon layer for trapping electrons in a pattern corresponding to an intensity distribution when it is receiving X-rays, and a scanning device for scanning the surface of the amorphous silicon layer with a laser beam to take out...     

The invention relates to an apparatus for the taking of X-ray pictures, where there are between two radiation-transmitting electrodes two solid substance layers whose free sides lie in a charge storage layer. The first electrode is a photo-conducting layer which is impinged upon by image rays, while...     

A solid state detector in which each scintillator is optimally configured and coupled with its associated sensing diode in a way which exploits light piping effects to enhance efficiency, and at the same time provide a detector which is modular in nature. To achieve light piping, the scintillator crystal...     

A solid state detector in which each scintillator is optimally configured and coupled with its associated sensing diode in a way which exploits light piping effects to enhance efficiency. Preferably, the detector is modular in nature. Each scintillator is a crystal having an index of refraction which...     

An X-ray detector has a plurality of detector units and a pair of support members. Each detector unit has a base plate, a detector element secured to the base plate, and a retaining plate supporting the detector element. The base plate has a signal line and a ground line for delivering an electrical...     

An X-ray converter foil comprises a semiconductor layer and a carrier layer between which an electrode in the form of a conductive foil is disposed, the thickness of the semiconductor layer being less than 50 .mu.m. An X-ray amplification layer is attached to the carrier layer.

A multielement radiation detector in which many elements are arranged in array. Each element includes a scintillator which is tilted with respect to the incident direction of radiant rays, and a silicon photodiode which is opposed to the plane of incidence of the scintillator. The light-receiving plane...     

A radiation detecting apparatus includes a pair of substrates disposed face to face in such a manner that a plurality of grooves provided in one of the facing surfaces at a predetermined interval face a plurality of grooves provided in the other of the facing surfaces at the predetermined interval. Radiation...     

A charge transfer multi-linear strip comprising several lines of photosensitive detectors, each line receiving successively the radiation to be detected and comprising charge transfer shift registers which provide in phase summing of the information collected at the detectors occupying the same position...     

A multielement scintillation radiation detector comprises a scintillator and a photosensitive detector, wherein to optically isolate between the adjacent radiation detectors, a thin light reflecting sheet on which a sponge material is attached is used to closely adhere to radiation shielding plates for...     

An energy discriminating apparatus and method is disclosed for use in connection with digital radiography and fluoroscopy. In use of the detection system and method an x-ray source is actuated to direct x-rays through a patient's body, the x-rays including both higher and lower energy radiation. A first...     

In energy separated quantum-counting radiography according to the present invention, radiation penetrating the subject being examined is detected as pulses. The pulses are counted for each radiation energy group, each comprising a separate pulse height group, to thereby speedily obtain a high resolution...     

An apparatus for providing electrical signals representative of an image formed by X-rays projected thereon includes a two-dimensional array of spaced apart light sensitive sensors formed from deposited semiconductor material. The elements are capable of effecting a detectable electrical characteristic...     

An incident radiation sensing apparatus comprises an array of photosensitive elements formed as an integrated circuit on a substrate. Each of the photosensitive elements includes a capacitor for storing charge, a conductive means for charging the capacitor to a preselected magnitude, a blocking means...     

An X-ray image transmitted through a patient is radiated on a phosphor member having a wide field of view and dimensions of about 40 cm.times.40 cm, and is converted into an optical image. The optical image is radiated on a light detector through a light guide member at substantially the same magnification....     

Local radiation exposure alarm having a radiation detector used in the course of operations in nuclear power plant, a radiotherapeutic center for treatment for cancer, etc., a preamplifier for transmitting with an excellent S/N ratio a detected output signal from said detector, and a measuring unit measuring...     

An apparatus and method are provided for X-ray imagery of an object comprising an X-ray source adapted to variably dispose of a point source of X-rays about a first surface of the X-ray source and a detector adapted to receive the X-rays and translate the X-rays into electrical signals. The detector...     

An X-ray CT detector is disclosed which detects the intensity of X-rays emitted from an X-ray source and transmitted through a subject. The detector comprises a multi-channel scintillator element array and a multi-channel photo-semiconductor element array. The scintillator element array and photo-semiconductor...     

A radiation quantum-counting method and apparatus for producing high resolution radiographic images capable of discriminating soft tissue cancer having a lcm size. The high resolution image is generated by a plurality of radiation sensitive elements, each element including a semiconductor material having...     

A method for promoting quantum efficiency (QE) of a CCD imaging sensor for UV, far UV and low energy x-ray wavelengths by overthinning the back side beyond the interface between the substrate and the photosensitive semiconductor material, and flooding the back side with UV prior to using the sensor for...     

A high-resolution radioisotopic imaging system employs spaced-apart non-contiguous thin and thick electronic collimation detectors arranged about a radioisotopic source field of radioisotopic atoms, each operative for detecting a plurality of gamma rays, or at least one position, or a combination of...     

In an X-ray detecting device for an X-ray computed tomography scanner, an indium tin oxide layer is deposited on a surface of a rectangular scintillator element which opposes X-ray incident surface thereof. The other surfaces of the element are coated with a light reflecting layer. An amorphous silicon...     

A radiation imaging system is disclosed. A radiation source directs a thin spread beam of radiation toward a detector assembly which is aligned with the radiation beam. The detector assembly includes a printed circuit board having a bowed configuration and bearing board circuitry. An array of photodiode...     

An imaging X-ray sensor is composed of a linear array of microscopically small bars of polycrystalline ceramic scintillator material bonded at the bar ends to an integrated circuit photodetector array. The scintillator bars are the basic resolution elements of the detector and are less than 50 microns...     

X-ray detection systems based upon the nonlinear optical properties of multiple quantum well (MQW) semiconductor structures is described. X-rays generate carriers which change the index of refraction of the MQW material. Light from a probe beam may be scattered or reflected off the MQW structure and...     

A detector for counting low levels of photons comprises a plurality of thin solid state wafers of a photons sensitive material such as gallium arsenide; the wafers being of the order of one-tenth to two millimeter thick depending upon use, and providing a depletion layer of 2 to 20 millimeters deep depending...     

A radiation image detecting system with the image divided into pixels. In this system the pixel signals are detected with a method of coded aperture. All the pixels are grouped into equal-sized areas, each of which includes the same number of pixels forming a square sub-matrix of pixels. The pixel signals...     

A semiconductor radiation detector is equipped with a semiconductor detection device such as silicon or germanium and is used in qualitative and quantitative analysis of X-rays or gamma-rays while the detection device is cooled with a refrigerator that makes use of the adiabatic expansion of air or nitrogen...     

A radiation detector has a number of detector elements disposed following each other in the direction of incoming radiation propagation. The radiation detector is integrally constructed of a semiconductor body having spaced surfaces disposed substantially parallel to the radiation propagation direction....     

An X-ray radiographic apparatus including a solid-state image sensor having a photoelectric conversion member and a transfer member. A system controller stops supplying field shift pulses, and a electric charge is not transferred from the photoelectric conversion member to the transfer member, during...     

AN X-ray imaging apparatus includes an image intensifier for converting an X-ray passing through an object to be examined into an optical image, a solid-state image sensor for converting the optical image into a video signal, a monitor for displaying the video signal, and an X-ray photographing apparatus...     

There is disclosed a radiographic image detection device comprised of a semiconductive matrix having rows and columns of radiation sensitive areas, a protective layer formed on the semiconductive matrix and having lands or land portions defined by grooves corresponding to areas between the rows and columns...     

In an X-ray detecting device, a plurality of scintillator elements are arranged and assembled in a array which is located on a semiconductor structure. In a semiconductor structure, a plurality of photo-detecting structures are formed in a substrate and are arranged in an array corresponding to the scintillator...     

A method and apparatus for detecting x-ray radiation in a radiographic imaging context is disclosed. It is particularly useful in conjunction with slit and slot scan radiography. In accordance with this invention, detectors are constructed and arranged such that substantially all of the energy from an...     

The disclosure concerns devices for the conversion of images into electronic signals with particular application to X-ray imaging. Instead of forming, on an insulating glass substrate, a strip or matrix of photosensitive elements (PIN diodes) which are then coated with a scintillating sheet bonded to...     

Detectors (20) of a CT scanner (10) have a radiation receiving face (34) which is larger than a photosensitive face (30) of a photodiode (22). Lead wires (28) connect the ends of the diode photosensitive surface to terminals (26). A scintillation crystal (32) has an overhanging portion (38) which overhangs...     

An image pickup device comprises a matrix of rows and columns of image pickup elements. Image information is transferred in the column direction in the time-delay-and-integration mode. Two shift registers are associated with each column of image pickup elements. During a first period information from...     

An image pickup device comprises a matrix of rows and columns of image pickup elements. Image information is transferred in the column direction in the time-delay-and-integration mode. Each column comprises at least two regions containing image pickup elements, whereby spectrally different images can...     

An energy discriminating apparatus and method is disclosed for use in connection with digital radiography and fluoroscopy. In use of the detection system and method an X-ray source is actuated to direct X-rays through a patient's body, the X-rays including both higher and lower energy radiation. A first...     

A radiological image detector of the type formed by a matrix of photosensitive elements, associated with a light source, enables a resetting of the voltages at the terminals of the photosensitive elements, the light source and the photosensitive matrix being connected to each other so as to give the...     

An intrabuccal detector for X-ray apparatus is provided which comprises an outer containment enclosure (10), a scintillation screen (13) adapted to convert X-radiation to light signals, a CCD sensor (16) adapted for converting the light signals to electric signals, and an optical system (15) between...     

A radiation detector providing high energy resolving power, wherein a semiconductor crystal block having a thickness D has two mutually opposed surfaces and is designed to convert incident photons into electron-hole pairs. An electrode connected to a ground is fixed to one of these surfaces and receives...     

A plurality of phototransistors are connected in a matrix of rows and columns. Light falling on the phototransistors discharges the interelectrode capacitance between the emitter and collector of each phototransistor. Each phototransistor is permitted to discharge for a given period of time. A current...     

An X-ray fluoroscopic apparatus comprises an X-ray tube for emitting X-rays to an object to be examined, an image intensifier for converting an X-ray image of the object to an optical image, a TV camera for picking up the optical image through a light-tight optical system coupled to the output portion...     

In an X ray detecting device comprising XL converting unit for converting the X rays into visible light corresponding to the intensity of the X rays and a LE converting unit for converting the visible light into an electrical signal corresponding to the intensity of the visible light, the base layer...     

An X-ray detector includes a scintillation crystal and a photosensor which is easily manipulated, easily positionable, and easy to contact to the scintillation crystal. The photosensor is arranged on a thin lamina having electrical contact surfaces. The lamina presses laterally against the scintillation...     

A high spatial resolution gamma ray detector employs layers of scintillators, microchannel photomultipliers and sensors arrays of anodes to provide real time imaging of nuclear sources. Specific embodiments include a camera for detecting nuclear weapons within opaque containers and a device for discriminating...     

This invention relates to an X-ray image sensor formed by fitting and integrating a fiber plate equipped with a phosphor layer to and with a solid state imaging device, and to an X-ray image sensor which uses a material containing chromium (Cr) adapting to the spectral sensitivity characteristics of...     

A sensor matrix includes light-sensitive and/or X-ray sensitive thin-film sensors (1) comprising two electrodes (2, 6) and a semiconductor layer (5) therebetween. In each sensor (1) there is a separate electrode which serves as the first electrode (2), the semiconductor layer (5) being constructed as...     

The arrangement imaging a body through gamma radiation comprising the steps of detecting, within each fixed time period of a succession of fixed time periods at a plurality of locations impinged by the gamma radiation, electric charge levels corresponding to photoelectric events; counting within each...     

An energy discriminating apparatus and method is disclosed for use in connection with digital radiography and fluoroscopy. In use of the detection system and method an x-ray source is actuated to direct x-rays through a patient's body, the x-rays including both higher and lower energy radiation. A first...     

A high resolution high-energy x-ray digital imager suitable for patient x-ray diagnosis and the location of bony landmarks in high energy radiation therapy. The imager employs an array of sensor chips which need not lie in a plane in order to provide overlap of non-active components and direct readout...     

A plurality of phototransistors are connected in a matrix of rows and columns. Light falling on the phototransistors discharges the interelectrode capacitance between the emitter and collector of each phototransistor. Each phototransistor is permitted to discharge for a given period of time. A current...     

A radiation imaging device has a plurality of scintillator elements that are each optically coupled to a plurality of internal gain photodetectors. Each photodetector is electrically coupled to a respective detect and hold circuit which amplifies and stores the pulse generated by the photodetector; the...     

Method and apparatus for producing separated columns of scintillation layer material, for use in detection of X-rays and high energy charged particles with improved spatial resolution. A pattern of ridges or projections is formed on one surface of a substrate layer or in a thin polyimide layer, and the...     

A Compton scatter camera for nuclear medical imaging includes an annular scattered photon detector disposed around a first scattering detector and shielded from the field of view of incident gamma photons. Scattered photons detected by the annular detector are thus scattered through angles greater than...     

A matrix of light-sensitive or x-ray sensitive sensors (S.sub.1,1, . . . S.sub.2000,200) are arranged in rows and columns and generate charges in dependence on the amount of incident radiation. The sensors comprise a respective electric switch (3) and are constructed, like the electric switches (3),...     

A low capacitance radiation detector comprises a monocrystalline silicon substrate heavily doped to N type conductivity with a more lightly doped N type conductivity epitaxial layer formed on the substrate. A plurality of heavily doped N type upper surface layer segments are formed in the epitaxial layer....     

An x-ray imaging system includes an x-ray source for providing x-ray photons which are directed towards a subject and impinge on a scintillating screen. The scintillating screen converts the x-ray photons into a visible light image. The screen is formed of discrete, elongate fiber optic elements arranged...     

An image detector (1) has a first substrate (10) carrying an electromagnetic radiation conversion layer (11) for converting incoming electromagnetic radiation (A) with a first range of wavelengths into outgoing electromagnetic radiation (B) with a second different range of wavelengths and a photodetector...     

The present invention relates to a charge coupled device CCD X-ray imager for reducing split events during integration. The imager includes a semiconductor material having a photosensitive region for receiving X-ray radiation energy and for generating electrical charges corresponding to the received...     

A radiation imaging system includes an image detector assembly coupled to an image processor. The image detector assembly includes a photosensor pixel array which is disposed in a plurality of sequential imaging positions pursuant to a predetermined imaging cycle. The image processor stores the respective...     

A soft X-ray detector includes a surface electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a semiconductor detector having an electrode connected to the photoelectric conversion layer, for detecting an electric charge produced In the photoelectric conversion layer. The photoelectric conversion layer...     

A radiation detector containing: (a) a fiber optic network; (b) an array of pixelized phosphors on the X-ray incidence side of the fiber optic network; and (c) an array of pixelized sensors optically coupled to the other side of the fiber optic network, wherein: (i) the ratio of the surface area of a...     

The device has at least one planar detector (2.sub.a, 2.sub.b) able to transform a radiation (8) into electrical charges and a common electrode (12) on an input face and a mosaic of point electrodes (14) and metal bands (34.sub.a -34.sub.e) on an output face, several planar integrated circuit chips (10a,...     

The invention relates to an X-ray image detector, comprising a plurality of X-ray-sensitive sensors and having the following features: each sensor comprises a collecting electrode and a switching element which connects the collecting electrode to an output lead; a photoconductor layer is provided between...     

Radiation is generated toward a patient. A radiographic region of the radiation covers a predetermined field-of-view. Both of a stereotactic radiation producing filter and a radiographic radiation producing filter are transported in such a way that the stereotactic radiation producing filter and the...     

An apparatus and method for detecting an x-ray and for determining the depth of penetration of an x-ray into a semiconductor strip detector. In one embodiment, a semiconductor strip detector formed of semiconductor material is disposed in an edge-on orientation towards an x-ray source such that x-rays...     

A system for spectroscopic imaging of bodily tissue in which a scintillation screen and a charged coupled device (CCD) are used to accurately image selected tissue. Applications include the imaging of radionuclide distributions within the human body or the use of a dual energy source to provide a dual...     

A two-dimensional radiation detector for obtaining a radiographic image as converted into electric signals. The detector has a multi-layer structure including a scintilator, a translucent electrode film, a photoconductive film and a scan switch layer. The scan switch layer includes conductors arranged...     

A solid state image sensor CCD array (10a) has a two block, full-frame, parallel-register structure. The two blocks of the array, each comprised of photosensitive radiation sensors or pixels (20), feed into a single centrally disposed serial read-out register (10b) so as to form one unified photosensitive...     

In a dental x-ray diagnostics installation that includes an x-ray radiator, an image detector arranged diametrically relative thereto a CCD following the subject to be transirradiated in radiation direction, control electronics with a control part for driving the image detector, an image processing unit...     

This invention provides an imaging system for producing images from electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays. The system includes a detector comprised of a radiation-absorbing layer sandwiched between an array of CMOS integrated circuits (which we call pixel circuits) and a surface electrode layer transparent...     

An x-ray image sensor has a matrix of radiation-sensitive detector elements, the detector elements being connected in two groups to a common read-out line on which bipolar signals are generated. Read-out signals of one polarity cause read-out of one of the groups of detector elements and read-out signals...     

A radiation detector comprises a plurality of solid-state photo detecting devices arrayed in a one-dimensional direction or in two-dimensional directions. The solid-state photo detecting devices detect radiation carrying image information, convert the radiation into an analog image signal, which represents...